Semiconductor diodes tau dav siv hauv hluav taws xob thiab kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Lawv yog siv ob leeg ntawm nws tus kheej thiab ua p-n-hluav taws xob ntawm transistors thiab ntau lwm yam khoom siv. Raws li cov khoom sib cais, diodes yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Lawv pom ntau daim ntawv thov xws li daim ntawv thov hluav taws xob tsawg mus rau rectifiers.
Dab tsi yog diode?
Txhais los ntawm Greek, lub npe ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob no txhais tau tias "ob lub davhlau ya nyob twg". Lawv hu ua anode thiab cathode. Hauv ib lub voj voog, tam sim no ntws los ntawm anode mus rau cathode. Lub semiconductor diode yog ib qho ntawm ib sab thiab tam sim no ntws nyob rau hauv qhov opposite kev taw qhia yog thaiv.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Cov cuab yeej ntawm semiconductor diodes txawv heev. Qhov no yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv, uas txawv ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag tus nqi thiab nyob rau hauv lub functions lawv ua. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lusKev ua haujlwm ntawm semiconductor diodes yog tib yam. Lawv muaj qhov sib txuas p-n, uas muab lawv cov haujlwm yooj yim.
lo lus no feem ntau yog siv los siv rau tus qauv qauv ntawm lub diode. Qhov tseeb, nws siv rau yuav luag txhua yam ntawm lawv. Diodes tsim cov caj qaum ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob niaj hnub. Txhua yam - los ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim thiab transistors mus rau niaj hnub microprocessors - yog raws li cov khoom siv semiconductors. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm semiconductor diode yog raws li cov khoom ntawm semiconductors. Lub tshuab yog ua raws li ib pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev qhia txog impurities rau hauv cov iav siv lead ua uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov cheeb tsam uas lub qhov thiab cov hluav taws xob tau them tus nqa khoom.
P-n-junction
P-n-hom diode tau txais nws lub npe vim nws siv p-n hlws ris uas tso cai rau tam sim no ntws mus rau hauv ib qho kev coj. Lub caij muaj lwm yam khoom uas kuj tau siv dav. Piv txwv li, semiconductor diodes tuaj yeem tawm thiab ntes lub teeb, hloov lub peev xwm, thiab tswj qhov voltage.
P-n-hluav taws xob yog ib qho qauv semiconductor. Raws li lub npe qhia, nws yog kev sib tshuam ntawm p- thiab n-hom cheeb tsam. Qhov kev hloov pauv tso cai rau cov neeg nqa khoom thauj mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia nkaus xwb, uas, piv txwv li, ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv tam sim no mus rau tam sim no ncaj qha.
Standard diodes feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm silicon, txawm hais tias germanium thiab lwm yam khoom siv semiconductor kuj siv, feem ntau yog rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb.
Volt-ampere yam ntxwv
Lub diode yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tam sim no-voltage nkhaus, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua 2 ceg: pem hauv ntej thiab thim rov qab. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev coj rov qab, cov xau tam sim no nyob ze rau 0, tab sis nrog kev nce voltage nws maj mam nce thiab, thaum lub zog tawg mus txog, nws pib nce sharply. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia pem hauv ntej, qhov tam sim no nce sai heev nrog rau kev siv hluav taws xob saum toj kawg nkaus qhov chaw pib, uas yog 0.7 V rau silicon diodes thiab 0.4 V rau germanium. Cells uas siv cov khoom sib txawv muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov volt-ampere thiab qhov pib ua haujlwm thiab kev tawg ntawm qhov hluav taws xob.
P-n-hluav taws xob diode tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov khoom siv theem pib. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov xws li teeb liab circuits thiab detectors rau limiters los yog ib ntus suppressors nyob rau hauv induction los yog relay coils thiab siab zog rectifiers.
Ntse thiab tsis muaj
Diode specifications muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus piav qhia meej ntawm qhov lawv tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Hauv qab no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam ntxwv thiab tsis muaj ntawm diode, uas tau muab rau hauv cov specifications.
khoom siv semiconductor
Cov khoom siv hauv p-n junctions yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws vim tias nws cuam tshuam rau ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm semiconductor diodes. Silicon yog siv dav tshaj plaws vim nws cov kev ua haujlwm siab thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tsawg. Lwm zaus sivlub ntsiab yog germanium. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog siv rau hauv lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb diodes. Kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws txiav txim siab qhov pib ntawm conduction - txog 0.6 V rau silicon thiab 0.3 V rau germanium.
Voltage poob rau hauv hom tam sim no (U pr.)
Txhua qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov tam sim no dhau los ua rau muaj qhov poob qis, thiab qhov ntsuas no ntawm semiconductor diode yog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev kho, thaum lub zog poob yog proportional rau U ave. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau xav tau. muab qhov hluav taws xob me me poob qis, vim tias cov teeb liab yuav tsis muaj zog, tab sis lawv tseem yuav tsum tau kov yeej nws.
Qhov no tshwm sim rau ob qho laj thawj. Thawj qhov lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm p-n kev sib tshuam thiab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw pib qhov hluav taws xob uas tso cai rau tam sim no hla cov txheej txheem depletion. Qhov thib ob tivthaiv yog qhov kev poob qis.
Qhov taw qhia yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau cov diodes rectifier, uas tuaj yeem nqa cov dej ntws loj.
Peak thim rov qab voltage (U arr. max)
Qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj qhov hluav taws xob rov qab uas lub semiconductor diode tuaj yeem tiv taus. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj, txwv tsis pub lub caij yuav poob. Nws tsis yog RMS voltage ntawm lub teeb liab input. Txhua lub voj voog yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ntawm nws qhov zoo, tab sis rau ib qho yooj yim ib nrab-yoj rectifier nrog lub capacitor smoothing, nco ntsoov tias lub capacitor yuav tuav ib qho hluav taws xob sib npaug rau lub ncov ntawm cov tswv yim.teeb liab. Tom qab ntawd lub diode yuav raug xa mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov teeb liab tawm hauv qhov kev taw qhia rov qab, thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no yuav muaj qhov siab tshaj qhov rov qab voltage sib npaug rau lub ncov tus nqi ntawm yoj.
Maximum forward current (U pr. max)
Thaum tsim lub voj voog hluav taws xob, xyuas kom meej tias qhov siab tshaj plaws diode tam sim no tsis dhau. Raws li qhov tam sim no nce, cua sov ntxiv yog tsim, uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm.
Liab tam sim no (I arr.)
Nyob rau hauv ib qho zoo tagnrho diode, yuav tsum tsis muaj rov qab tam sim no. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tiag tiag p-n junctions, nws yog vim muaj cov tsawg tus nqi nqa khoom nyob rau hauv lub semiconductor. Tus nqi ntawm cov xau tam sim no nyob ntawm peb yam. Obviously, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog qhov rov qab voltage. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej xau tam sim no nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias - nrog rau nws txoj kev loj hlob, nws nce ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog nyob ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor. Hauv qhov no, silicon zoo dua li germanium.
Cov dej ntws tam sim no tau txiav txim siab ntawm qee qhov rov qab voltage thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Nws feem ntau tau teev tseg hauv microamps (ΜA) lossis picoamps (pA).
Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv
Txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob semiconductor muaj qhov sib txuas capacitance. Lub depletion cheeb tsam yog ib tug dielectric barrier ntawm ob daim hlau uas tsim nyob rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub depletion cheeb tsam thiab cheeb tsam nrog rau feem ntau tus nqi nqa khoom. Tus nqi capacitance tiag nyob ntawm qhov rov qab voltage, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cheeb tsam. Nws nce expands cheeb tsam depletion thiab, yog li ntawd,txo qhov peev xwm. Qhov tseeb no yog siv nyob rau hauv varactors los yog varicaps, tab sis rau lwm yam kev siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog RF daim ntaub ntawv, cov nyhuv no yuav tsum tau txo. Cov parameter feem ntau yog teev nyob rau hauv pF ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob muab. Cov diodes tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj zog muaj nyob rau ntau daim ntawv thov RF.
Cas Type
Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj, semiconductor diodes yog tsim nyob rau hauv pob khoom ntawm ntau hom thiab cov duab. Qee qhov xwm txheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv cov teeb liab ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lub pob yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas qhov cua sov yog qhov tseem ceeb, lub pob tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntau yam tsis zoo ntawm lub diode. Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob siab yuav tsum tuaj yeem txuas nrog lub heatsink. Cov khoom me me tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv lead ua lossis ua cov khoom siv saum npoo av.
Types of diodes
Qee zaum nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub txog kev faib tawm ntawm semiconductor diodes. Txawm li cas los xij, qee yam khoom yuav yog rau ntau pawg.
Reversed diode. Txawm hais tias nws tsis yog siv dav, nws yog ib hom p-n-hom caij, uas hauv nws qhov kev ua tau zoo heev rau lub qhov. Features qis hauv xeev voltage poob. Pom siv nyob rau hauv detectors, rectifiers thiab high zaus switches.
Txhaj tshuaj hloov pauv diode. Nws muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog ntau tshaj avalanche-flying. Siv nyob rau hauv microwave generators thiab tswb systems.
Diode Gunn. Nws tsis yog rau p-n-hom, tab sis yog ib qho khoom siv semiconductor nrog ob lub terminals. Nws yog feem ntau siv los tsim thiab hloov cov teeb liab microwave hauv 1-100 GHz ntau yam.
Lub teeb emitting lossis LED yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nrov tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej bias, qhov tam sim no ntws los ntawm kev sib tshuam ua rau lub teeb tawm. Lawv siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (xws li gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide) thiab tuaj yeem ci hauv ntau yam xim, txawm hais tias lawv yog thawj zaug tsuas yog liab xwb. Muaj ntau qhov kev txhim kho tshiab uas tau hloov pauv txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tsim tawm, OLED ua piv txwv.
Photodiode. Siv los ntes lub teeb. Thaum lub photon tsoo p-n hlws ris, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov electrons thiab qhov. Photodiodes feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo, qhov twg txawm tias me me tam sim no tsim los ntawm lub teeb tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim. Photodiodes tuaj yeem siv los tsim hluav taws xob. Qee lub sij hawm tus pin-hom ntsiab yog siv los ua photodetectors.
Pin-diode. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo piav qhia txog cov cuab yeej ntawm semiconductor diode. Nws muaj cov qauv p- thiab n-hom cheeb tsam, tab sis muaj ib cheeb tsam sab hauv uas tsis muaj impurities nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Nws muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nce thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam depletion, uas tuaj yeem siv tau rau kev hloov pauv, nrog rau hauv photodiodes, thiab lwm yam.
Standard p-n-hluav taws xob tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov qublos yog hom qauv ntawm diode uas siv niaj hnub no. Lawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv RF lossis lwm yam kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, nrog rau cov hluav taws xob siab thiab lub zog hluav taws xob siab.
Schottky diodes. Lawv muaj qhov qis qis dua rau pem hauv ntej dua li tus qauv p-n-hom silicon semiconductors. Ntawm qhov hluav taws xob qis, nws tuaj yeem yog 0.15 txog 0.4 V, thiab tsis yog 0.6 V, zoo li nrog silicon diodes. Ua li no, lawv tsis tau ua raws li niaj zaus - lawv siv cov hlau-semiconductor tiv tauj. Lawv tau siv dav ua limiters, rectifiers thiab hauv cov khoom siv xov tooj cua.
Diode nrog cov nqi tsub zuj zuj. Nws yog ib hom microwave diode siv los tsim thiab tsim pulses ntawm ntau zaus. Nws txoj haujlwm yog ua raws li tus yam ntxwv nrawm heev.
Laser diode. Nws txawv ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo ib yam li nws tsim teeb pom kev zoo. Laser diodes yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv, los ntawm DVD thiab CD drives rau laser pointers. Lawv pheej yig dua li lwm hom lasers, tab sis tseem kim dua li LEDs. Lawv muaj lub neej ua haujlwm tsawg.
Tunnel diode. Txawm hais tias nws tsis tau siv dav rau niaj hnub no, nws tau siv yav dhau los hauv amplifiers, oscillators thiab switching devices, oscilloscope timeing circuits, thaum nws ua haujlwm tau zoo dua li lwm cov khoom.
Varactor lossis varicap. Siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv RF. Rau qhov no diode, thim rov qab kev hloov pauv qhov dav ntawm txheej depletion nyob ntawm qhov siv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv no configuration nwsua raws li ib tug capacitor nrog ib tug depletion cheeb tsam ua raws li ib tug insulating dielectric thiab daim hlau tsim los ntawm conductive cheeb tsam. Siv nyob rau hauv voltage tswj oscillators thiab RF lim.
Zener diode. Nws yog hom diode muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim nws muab qhov kev siv hluav taws xob ruaj khov. Vim qhov no, lub zener diode yog siv ntau ntau. Nws ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej rov qab tsis ncaj ncees thiab tawg mus txog thaum muaj qee qhov txawv txav mus txog. Yog hais tias qhov tam sim no raug txwv los ntawm ib tug resistor, ces qhov no muab ib tug ruaj khov voltage. Dav siv los tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Muaj 2 hom kev thim rov qab hauv zener diodes: Zener decomposition thiab cuam tshuam ionization.
Yog li, ntau hom semiconductor diodes suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab cov ntawv siv hluav taws xob siab, emitting thiab ntes lub teeb, nrog rau qis rau pem hauv ntej voltage poob thiab sib txawv capacitance. Ntxiv rau qhov no, muaj ntau ntau yam uas siv hauv tshuab microwave.
