Hnub no, kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib txuas lus txuas nrog tib neeg hauv txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb thiab muab lawv nkag mus rau cov khoom kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - kev sib txuas lus ntawm tib neeg. Tib neeg sib txuas lus thiab ua si nrog phooj ywg nyob rau lwm qhov hauv ntiaj teb no.
Cov xwm txheej tsis tu ncua tau paub hauv txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb hauv ib pliag. Txhua tus tuaj yeem txuas rau Is Taws Nem thiab tshaj tawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv.
Network xov xwm technologies: lawv cov hauv paus hniav
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tib neeg kev vam meej tsim nws ob qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws scientific thiab technical ceg - computer thiab telecommunication technologies. Txog li ib feem peb ntawm ib puas xyoo, ob qho tib si ntawm cov kev lag luam no tau tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv lub moj khaum, lub computer thiab kev sib txuas lus tau tsim, feem. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub quarter kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm evolution thiab interpenetration ntawm ob ceg ntawm tib neeg kev paub, qhov peb hu ua "network.technology", uas yog ib feem ntawm ntau lub tswv yim ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis".
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim, kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb. Ib yam li ob peb lub xyoo dhau los ua ntej lub ntiaj teb no tau npog nrog lub network ntawm txoj kev loj heev, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem tag nrho cov teb chaws, nroog thiab cov zos, cov lag luam thiab cov koom haum, nrog rau cov neeg nyob hauv tsev tau txuas nrog "cov ntaub ntawv kev loj". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv txhua tus tau dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam kev hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoos phis tawj, uas qee cov ntaub ntawv hloov khoom siv tau siv.
Network technology: tswvyim thiab ntsiab lus
Network thev naus laus zis yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev sawv cev thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv, ua raws li kev hu ua "tus qauv kev cai", nrog rau cov khoom siv thiab software, suav nrog kev sib txuas network nrog cov tsav tsheb, cables thiab FOCL, ntau yam connectors (connectors).
"Sufficiency" ntawm cov cuab yeej no txhais tau tias nws txo qis thaum tswj kev tsim kom muaj kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm. Nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txhim kho, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev tsim cov subnets hauv nws uas yuav tsum tau siv cov txheej txheem ntawm ntau qib, nrog rau cov neeg sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb, feem ntau hu ua "routers". Thaum kho dua tshiab, lub network yuav txhim khu kev qha thiab sai dua, tab sis ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub tsev nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov tub ntxhais network technology uas tsim nws lub hauv paus.
Thiab"network thev naus laus zis" feem ntau yog siv los ntawm qhov nqaim uas tau piav qhia saum toj no, tab sis nws feem ntau txhais tau dav dav raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov cai rau kev tsim cov tes hauj lwm ntawm ib hom, piv txwv li, "loj computer network technology".
Tus qauv ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis
thawj tus qauv ntawm lub computer network, tab sis tseem tsis tau lub network nws tus kheej, yog nyob rau hauv 60-80s. xyoo dhau los multi-terminal systems. Sawv cev ua ke ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab cov keyboard, nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm cov khoos phis tawj loj thiab txuas nrog lawv ntawm cov xov tooj modems lossis cov kev sib koom ua ke, cov terminals tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm ITC thiab tau tawg mus thoob plaws hauv lub tsev.
Tam sim no, ntxiv rau tus neeg teb xov tooj ntawm lub khoos phis tawj nws tus kheej ntawm ITC, txhua tus neeg siv lub davhlau ya nyob twg tau txais lub sijhawm los nkag mus rau lawv cov dej num los ntawm cov keyboard thiab saib xyuas lawv cov kev ua tiav ntawm lub monitor, kuj ua qee yam kev tswj xyuas haujlwm.. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no, siv ob qho tib si sijhawm sib koom algorithms thiab kev ua haujlwm batch, tau hu ua chaw taws teeb nkag mus ua haujlwm.
Ntiaj teb networks
Ua raws ntau lub davhlau ya nyob twg hauv 60s lig. xyoo pua 20th tau tsim thiab thawj hom kev tes hauj lwm - ntiaj teb no computer networks (GCN). Lawv txuas nrog supercomputers, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv theej thiab khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab software, nrog cov khoos phis tawj loj nyob ntawm qhov deb mus txog ntau txhiab mais ntawm lawv, siv xov tooj thiab modems. Lub tshuab network no yav dhau loskuaj hauv ntau lub davhlau ya nyob twg.
Thawj GKS hauv xyoo 1969 yog ARPANET, uas ua haujlwm hauv US Department of Defense thiab ua ke ntau hom khoos phis tawj nrog cov haujlwm sib txawv. Lawv tau nruab nrog cov modules ntxiv rau kev siv cov kev sib txuas lus network raws tu qauv rau txhua lub khoos phis tawj suav nrog hauv lub network. Nws yog nyob ntawm nws tias lub hauv paus ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis tau tsim, uas tseem siv niaj hnub no.
thawj piv txwv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm computer thiab kev sib txuas lus sib txuas lus
GKS tau txais cov kab kev sib txuas lus los ntawm cov laus thiab ntau lub xov tooj thoob ntiaj teb, vim nws kim heev rau cov kab tshiab nyob deb. Yog li ntawd, tau ntau xyoo lawv tau siv cov xov tooj analog channel los xa ib qho kev sib tham ib zaug xwb. Cov ntaub ntawv digital tau raug xa mus rau lawv ntawm qhov ceev qis heev (tsawg ntawm kbps), thiab qhov muaj peev xwm raug txwv rau kev hloov cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab e-mail.
Txawm li cas los xij, tau txais kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj, GKS tsis tau siv lawv cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob, thaum txhua khub ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tau faib cov channel nrog qhov nrawm nrawm rau tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib tham. GKS siv cov khoos phis tawj tshiab network thev naus laus zis raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm pob ntawv hloov pauv, uas cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv me me ntawm cov pob ntawv raug xa tawm ntawm tus nqi tas mus li rau lub network tsis hloov pauv thiab tau txais los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob hauv lub network siv cov lej chaw nyob kos rau hauv pob ntawv headers.
Predecessors of LANs
Tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub lig 70s. xyoo pua 20th LSI tau coj mus rau kev tsim cov minicomputers nrog tus nqi qis thiab kev ua haujlwm nplua nuj. Lawv pib sib tw nrog cov mainframes tiag tiag.
Minicomputers ntawm tsev neeg PDP-11 tau txais kev muaj koob meej. Lawv tau pib nruab rau hauv txhua yam, txawm tias me me ntau lawm rau kev tswj cov txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab kev teeb tsa thev naus laus zis ntawm tus kheej, nrog rau hauv cov chaw tswj hwm kev lag luam los ua cov haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam thoob plaws kev lag luam tau yug los, txawm hais tias txhua lub khoos phis tawj me tseem ua haujlwm autonomously.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm LAN networks
Nyob rau nruab nrab-80s. xyoo pua 20th Cov thev naus laus zis rau kev sib txuas cov khoos phis tawj me me hauv cov tes hauj lwm raws li cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv tau qhia, xws li hauv GCS.
Lawv tau tsim ib lub tuam txhab lag luam, hu ua LAN, yuav luag ua haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb. Txhawm rau tsim nws, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau yuav lub network adapters rau kev xaiv LAN thev naus laus zis, piv txwv li, Ethernet, tus qauv cable system, nruab cov khoom sib txuas (connectors) ntawm nws cov cables thiab txuas cov adapters rau lub khoos phis tawj mini thiab sib txuas siv cov no. kab. Tom ntej no, ib qho ntawm cov kev khiav hauj lwm nruab rau hauv lub computer server, tsim los npaj ib lub LAN - network. Tom qab ntawd, nws pib ua haujlwm, thiab qhov txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm txhua lub khoos phis tawj mini tshiab tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem.
Internet is inevitable
Yog tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoos phis tawj me me ua rau nws muaj peev xwm faib cov khoom siv computer sib npaug thoob plaws thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam, ces qhov tshwm sim thaum pib90s ib PC coj mus rau lawv maj mam tshwm sim, thawj zaug ntawm txhua qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm paub, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv tib neeg lub tsev.
Tus txheeb ze pheej yig thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm PCs ua ntej tau muab lub zog muaj zog rau kev txhim kho LAN tes hauj lwm, thiab tom qab ntawd coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb computer network - Internet, uas niaj hnub no suav nrog txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Qhov loj ntawm Is Taws Nem loj hlob los ntawm 7-10% txhua lub hlis. Nws yog lub hauv paus txuas ntau yam hauv zos thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev sib koom tes ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov tsev kawm thoob ntiaj teb rau ib leeg.
Yog tias thawj theem, cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv xa email feem ntau tau xa tawm hauv Is Taws Nem, niaj hnub no nws tsuas yog muab kev nkag mus rau cov chaw taws teeb rau cov ntaub ntawv faib tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob, rau kev lag luam thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog lag luam ntawm ntau lub teb chaws.. Nws cov ntaub ntawv nkag pub dawb muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev paub thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg - los ntawm cov lus qhia tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb txog huab cua huab cua.
Basic LAN network technologies
Ntawm lawv yog cov thev naus laus zis yooj yim uas lub hauv paus ntawm ib lub network tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem tsim tau. Piv txwv suav nrog LAN technologies paub zoo xws li Ethernet (1980), Token Ring (1985) thiab FDDI (lig 80s).
Nyob rau xyoo 90s. Ethernet thev naus laus zis tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv LAN-network thev naus laus zis, suav nrog nws cov qauv qub nrog cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv mus txog 10 Mbps, nrog rau Fast Ethernet (txog 100 Mbps) thiab Gigabit Ethernet (txog 1000 Mbps). Tag nrhoEthernet technologies muaj cov ntsiab cai zoo sib xws ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas ua rau lawv yooj yim txij nkawm thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm LAN tes hauj lwm tsim los ntawm lawv lub hauv paus.
Tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg tsim khoom tau pib sib koom ua ke network ua haujlwm rau hauv cov ntsiav ntawm yuav luag txhua lub khoos phis tawj ua haujlwm uas siv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm saum toj no. Tseem muaj cov kev sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm xws li Cisco Systems 'IOS.
Yuav ua li cas GCS technologies hloov zuj zus
GKS thev naus laus zis ntawm cov xov tooj sib txuas, vim tias qhov kev hloov pauv siab hauv lawv, tau txawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj rau kev saib xyuas thiab rov qab cov ntaub ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lawv yog X.25 thev naus laus zis tsim tawm thaum ntxov 70s. xyoo pua 20th Ntau cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yog thav duab relay, ISDN, ATM.
ISDN yog cov lus luv uas sawv cev rau "Integrated Services Digital Network", ua kom muaj kev sib tham hauv thaj chaw deb. Kev nkag mus rau thaj chaw deb yog muab los ntawm kev txhim kho ISDN adapters hauv PC, uas ua haujlwm ntau zaus sai dua li cov modems. Kuj tseem muaj cov software tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau cov tshuab ua haujlwm nrov thiab cov browsers ua haujlwm nrog ISDN. Tab sis tus nqi siab ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab qhov yuav tsum tau nteg cov kab sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cuab yeej no.
WAN thev naus laus zis tau nce mus ntxiv nrog rau xov tooj. Tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xov tooj digital, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) thev naus laus zis tau tsim, txhawb kev nrawm txog 140 Mbps thiab siv los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim lawv tus kheej tes hauj lwm.
New Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) thev naus laus zis hauv 80s lig. xyoo pua 20th nthuav dav bandwidth ntawm digitalXov tooj raws mus txog 10 Gbps, thiab Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) thev naus laus zis - mus txog ntau pua Gbps thiab txawm mus txog ntau Tbps.
Internet technologies
Internet network technologies yog raws li kev siv cov lus hypertext (lossis HTML-lus) - ib hom lus tshwj xeeb rau cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob, uas yog ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm cov cwj pwm (tags) uas yog pre-embedded los ntawm lub website developers rau hauv txhua nplooj ntawv lawv. Tau kawg, qhov no peb tsis tau tham txog cov ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv nraaj (duab, duab) uas twb tau "downloaded" los ntawm tus neeg siv hauv Is Taws Nem, yog nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm nws lub PC thiab raug saib los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem lossis cov duab kho. Peb tab tom tham txog cov nplooj ntawv web uas tau pom los ntawm qhov browser program.
Cov neeg tsim lub vev xaib tsim lawv hauv HTML (tam sim no muaj ntau yam cuab yeej thiab thev naus laus zis rau txoj haujlwm no, sib sau ua ke hu ua "website layout") nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nplooj ntawv web, thiab cov tswv tsev tso lawv rau hauv Internet servers ntawm ib daim ntawv xauj tsev los ntawm cov tswv ntawm lawv lub cim xeeb servers (lub npe hu ua "hosting"). Lawv ua haujlwm ib ncig ntawm lub moos hauv Is Taws Nem, ua haujlwm rau kev thov ntawm nws cov neeg siv los saib cov nplooj ntawv web upload rau lawv.
Browsers ntawm cov neeg siv PCs, tau txais kev nkag mus rau ib tus neeg rau zaub mov tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov neeg rau zaub mov ntawm lawv tus neeg muab kev pabcuam Is Taws Nem, qhov chaw nyob uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub vev xaib thov hauv Is Taws Nem, nkag mus rau lub xaib no. Tsis tas li ntawd, txheeb xyuas HTML cim npe ntawm txhua nplooj ntawv saib, browsers tsim nws cov duab ntawm lub vijtsam saib hauv daim ntawv raws li nws tau npaj los ntawm tus tsim tawm ntawm qhov chaw.- nrog rau tag nrho cov npe, font thiab xim tom qab, ntau yam ntxig rau hauv daim duab, duab kos, duab, thiab lwm yam.
