System ntawm lub nti yog lub nti me me nrog txhua yam tsim nyog hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hauv ntawv Askiv, lo lus SoC (system-on-a-chip) yog siv. Lub kaw lus hauv cov cuab yeej tshawb pom lub suab yuav suav nrog ADC, lub tshuab txais suab, lub cim xeeb, microprocessor, thiab tus neeg siv I/O logic tswj ntawm ib lub nti.
Hauv tshuaj, SoC system raws li nano-robots tuaj yeem ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txhawm rau ncua kev mob ntxov. Chip-based vis dis aus tuaj yeem pab cov neeg dig muag los ntawm kev tso cai rau lawv txais cov duab, thiab SoC cov khoom siv suab tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg lag ntseg hnov. Lub kaw lus-on-a-chip tau hloov kho nrog rau lwm yam thev naus laus zis xws li SOI (silicon ntawm insulator).
txhais cov ntsiab lus
Lub SoC system sib txuas cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas xav tau ntawm ntau lub khoos phis tawj ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke (IC). Ib qho SoC yog qhov ua tiav substrate hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem muaj cov analog,digital, sib xyaw lossis RF ua haujlwm. Nws cov khoom feem ntau suav nrog chav ua haujlwm duab (GPU), lub hauv paus ua haujlwm (CPU), uas tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam, thiab lub cim xeeb (RAM).
Vim tias qhov system-on-a-chip suav nrog ob qho tib si kho vajtse thiab software, nws siv lub zog tsawg dua, muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua, xav tau qhov chaw tsawg dua, thiab txhim khu kev qha ntau dua li ntau lub chips. Cov chips feem ntau suav nrog hauv cov khoom siv txawb xws li smartphones thiab ntsiav tshuaj niaj hnub no.
Qhov System-on-a-Chip yog tsim tshwj xeeb los ua kom tau raws li cov qauv rau kev koom ua ke cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas xav tau ntawm ntau lub khoos phis tawj rau hauv ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke. Hloov chaw uas sib sau ua ke ntau lub chips thiab cov khoom sib txuas rau PCB, SoC tsim txhua qhov tsim nyog circuitry hauv ib lub cuab yeej.
SoC cov kev cov nyom suav nrog cov nqi tsim qauv ntau dua, kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab kev daws teeb meem ntau dua. ICs tsis raug nqi. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li kev siv thev naus laus zis.
Yuav tsum muaj microchipping tsis
System ntawm Chip SoCs yog cov khoom siv nyuaj heev. Piv txwv li, Qualcomm's Snapdragon 600 system-on-a-chip yog SoC uas tau siv nyob rau hauv lub qub Samsung Galaxy smartphone.
Tib neeg xav siv lawv lub xov tooj smartphones mus ncig hauv Is Taws Nem, mloog suab paj nruag, saib yeeb yaj kiab, siv GPS navigation, thaij duab thiab yeeb yaj kiab, ua si, nkag mus hauv social network. Tag nrho cov nta noyog muab tsis tau tsuas yog nrog ib tug zoo processor, tab sis kuj nrog ib tug haib System ntawm Chip SoC graphics nti, ceev ceev wireless Bluetooth chipset, thiab kev txhawb rau kev sib txuas rau 4G tes hauj lwm. Tag nrho cov no yuav tsum ua hauj lwm nrog tsawg zog noj.
Txoj kev daws teeb meem yog ua kom me me txhua yam uas tuaj yeem ntsia tau. Cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau compressed li sai tau thiab muab tso rau compactly rau ntawm qhov chaw me me. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm ntau dua thiab siv hluav taws xob qis dua. Qhov no yog raws nraim li SoC muab.
System-on-Chip Design
Kev xav, muaj peb theem ntawm kev tsim cov tswv yim rau kev ua haujlwm chips. Thawj theem yog symmetry ntawm pawg point. Nws dictates lub xub ntiag los yog tsis muaj ib tug tej yam lub cev teb thiab anisotropy ntawm siv lead ua. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem siv los tshawb nrhiav thiab thaiv cov khoom siv ua haujlwm tshiab.
Point pawg symmetry yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau, tab sis tsis yog ib qho kev mob txaus rau cov khoom siv lead ua. Rau ib qho SNK system-on-a-chip los nthuav tawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav los ntawm qib thib ob ntawm kev tsim lub tswv yim - qhov chaw pab pawg qauv lossis sib luag.
Thaum kawg, txhawm rau txhim kho lossis ua kom zoo dua cov lus teb, muaj qib thib peb ntawm kev tsim qauv tsim qauv molecular uas suav nrog kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cov hlau nplaum ntawm lub tsev thaiv ntawm atoms, molecules, thiab crystal clusters.
Cov ntsiab lusmobile devices
Ib SoC system-on-a-chip tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam, nyob ntawm nws lub hom phiaj. Txij li feem coob ntawm SoCs tau siv ntawm lub xov tooj smartphones, peb muab cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv no:
- CPU yog lub hauv paus hauv SoC. Qhov no yog ib feem uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txiav txim siab feem ntau ntawm kev suav thiab kev txiav txim siab. Nws tau txais cov tswv yim los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv kho vajtse thiab software thiab muab cov lus teb tsim nyog. Yog tsis muaj CPU, yuav tsis muaj SoC. Feem ntau cov processors niaj hnub no muaj ob, plaub lossis yim cores hauv.
- GPU - luv luv rau cov duab ua haujlwm module. Nws tseem hu ua video nti. GPU yog lub luag haujlwm rau 3D gaming nrog rau cov kev hloov pauv zoo nkauj uas pom nyob rau hauv qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho khoom siv uas siv ib leeg-chip system.
- RAM Nco - txhua lub khoos phis tawj xav tau lub cim xeeb ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov ntawv thov thiab cov ntaub ntawv software, koj yuav tsum siv lawv. Ua li no, lub system-on-a-chip yuav tsum muaj RAM.
- ROM - Ib lub cuab yeej yuav tsum muaj ROM nco khaws software xws li firmware lossis lub operating system nws khiav ntawm.
- Modem - lub xov tooj smartphone yuav tsis yog lub xov tooj yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem txuas rau xov tooj cua. Modems saib xyuas lub network lossis kev sib txuas ntawm tes.
Ntxiv rau CPU thiab nco, lwm yam SoCs yuav suav nrog PCIe interfaces tsim rautxuas xov tooj cua transceivers, SATA interfaces, lossis USB li.
Chip tsim
Systems ntawm ib lub nti yuav tsum muaj cov cim xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv los ua lawv cov kev suav. Nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm SoC, lub cim xeeb tuaj yeem tsim cov hierarchy ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab cache. Qhov no yog ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam hauv xov tooj ntawm tes, tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub zog qis hauv microcontrollers.
Nco technologies rau SoCs suav nrog nyeem nkaus xwb (ROM), random nkag tau lub cim xeeb (RAM), hluav taws xob tshem tawm programmable ROM (EEPROM), thiab flash nco. Raws li nrog rau lwm lub khoos phis tawj, RAM tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov nrawm dua tab sis kim dua li qub RAM (SRAM) thiab qeeb dua tab sis pheej yig dua dynamic RAM (DRAM) zoo li qhov system-on-a-chip duab hauv kab lus no.
External interfaces
SoCs suav nrog kev sib txuas sab nraud, feem ntau rau kev sib txuas lus raws tu qauv. Lawv feem ntau ua raws li cov qauv kev lag luam xws li USB, FireWire, Ethernet, USART, SPI, HDMI, I2C, thiab lwm yam. Wireless network raws tu qauv xws li Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, thiab nyob ze kev sib txuas lus kuj yuav tau txais kev txhawb.
Yog xav tau, SoCs suav nrog analog interfaces rau kev ua cov teeb liab. Lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ntau hom sensors lossis actuators, suav nrog cov hloov pauv ntse. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem tiv tauj tshwj xeebmodule daim ntawv thov los yog nyob rau hauv lub SoC, piv txwv li, yog ib tug analog sensor yog tsim rau hauv SoC thiab nws cov kev nyeem ntawv yuav tsum tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau digital signals rau kev ua lej.
Digital Signal Processors
Digital signal processors (DSPs) feem ntau suav nrog hauv cov tshuab ntawm lub nti. Lawv ua cov teeb liab ua haujlwm rau cov sensors, actuators, nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab kev ua haujlwm multimedia. DSP cores feem ntau muaj cov lus qhia ntev heev (VLIW) thiab unidirectional instruction set architecture, yog li lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom siv tau qhov sib luag.
4DSP cores feem ntau muaj cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau daim ntawv thov thiab yog cov txheej txheem ntawm ASIP daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb phau ntawv teev. Cov lus qhia zoo li no sib haum rau cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Cov lus qhia DSP ib txwm suav nrog ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke, nrawm Fourier hloov pauv, sib npaug sib npaug, thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Raws li nrog rau lwm lub khoos phis tawj, SoCs xav tau lub moos los tsim cov cim moos, tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab muab sijhawm sijhawm rau cov teeb liab ua cov ntawv thov yog tias xav tau.
Lub sijhawm nrov tshaj plaws yog cov siv lead ua oscillators thiab lub voj voog kaw. SoCs kuj muaj xws li voltage regulators thiab fais fab tswj circuits.
Qhov txawv ntawm SoC thiab CPU
Ib zaug dhau los, ntau tus neeg xav tias CPU tau raug cais tawm ntawm lub monitor. Tam sim no ntau tus nkag siab tias CPU tsuas yog ib feem me me xwb,thiab lub computer yog tsim los ntawm ntau qhov chaw.
System ntawm lub nti yog lub rooj tsav xwm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas sib txuas tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog hauv lub khoos phis tawj thiab lwm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Cov no suav nrog GPU, CPU, nco, hluav taws xob tswj Circuit Court, USB maub los, xov tooj cua wireless, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom no yog soldered nyob rau hauv lub motherboard, uas yog txawv los ntawm cov pa computers, qhov chaw uas yuav hloov tau txhua lub sij hawm.
Koj tuaj yeem hais tias lub kaw lus ntawm lub nti (SoC) yog dab tsi tshwm sim thaum Vector los ntawm Despicable Me siv "beam compression" ntawm lub khoos phis tawj puv puv. Nrog lub zog ntawm miniaturization, Qhov System ntawm Chip yog lub khoos phis tawj ua haujlwm uas tau muab tso rau kom haum rau ntawm ib qho silicon nti.
Qhov twg siv cov chips
SoC feem ntau me me thiab tsis siv ntau qhov chaw hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv me me. Nws muab ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm ib lub nti, txhais tau hais tias nws cov chaw tsim khoom tsis tas yuav siv sijhawm, nyiaj txiag, thiab cov peev txheej tso cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev thiab tsim lub voj voog ntev, uas txhais tau tias qis dua thiab cov nqi. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub nti yog qhov ua tau zoo dua li cov uas muaj cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb xws li desktop PC lossis laptop. SoC tuaj yeem khiav ntawm cov roj teeb ntev dua.
Cov kev coj noj coj ua rau hluav taws xob tau hais txog kev tsim cov tshuab uas khiav ntawm tus kheejywj siab qhov chaw. Piv txwv li computers thiab laptops. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov miniaturization tas li ntawm txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig txhais tau hais tias lawv tau vam khom rau cov tshuab me me, siv zog ntau dua ntawm cov nti. Cov xov tooj smartphones, ntsiav tshuaj thiab txawm tias IoT (Internet of Things) cov cuab yeej ua pov thawj tias cov tshuab ntawm cov chips yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Intel Pentium N3710 Device
Pentium N3710 yog 64-ntsis quad-core system-on-a-chip tsim los ntawm Intel thiab nthuav tawm thaum ntxov 2015 raws li tus lej 3710. Raws li Airmont microarchitecture. Cov nti no ua haujlwm ntawm 1.6GHz nrog hom mus txog 2.57GHz. SoC suav nrog HD Graphics 405 GPU uas muaj 16 qhov kev ua tiav thiab khiav ntawm 400 MHz
N3710 system-on-chip architecture cov ntsiab lus:
- Designer - Intel.
- Manufacturer - Intel.
- qauv nab npawb - N3710.
- Tus lej - FH8066501715927
- Scope - mobile.
- Issue - March 2015
- Pentium N3000 series.
- Frequency - 1600 MHz.
- Ceev - 2567 MHz (1 core).
- Bus type - IDI CPUID 406C4.
- Microarchitecture – Airmont.
- Lub npe tseem ceeb yog Braswell.
- Technology - CMOS.
- Lo lus loj - 64-ntsis.
- Maximum processors - uniprocessor.
- Ntau kawg yog 8 G.
- PP kub 0 C - 90 C.
- IntegratedGPU cov ntaub ntawv duab - HD Graphics 405.
- Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 700 MHz.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuab chip
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv SOC hauv kev tsim muaj cov kauj ruam uas tsim cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cuab yeej:
- SOC yog qhov me me tab sis muaj ntau yam nta.
- Yooj yim. Hais txog qhov loj me, lub zog thiab daim ntawv, cov tshuab no nyuaj heev los ntawm lwm yam khoom siv.
- Tus nqi ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntawv thov SoC tshwj xeeb xws li video code.
- Qhov system-on-chip yog suav tsis txheeb. Rau cov khoom muaj peev xwm, lawv ua kom yooj yim rau kev tiv thaiv thiab cov nqi engineering.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej zoo li no muaj nws qhov tsis zoo:
- Lub sijhawm nqis peev loj. Cov txheej txheem tsim SoC tuaj yeem siv nyob qhov twg los ntawm 6 txog 12 lub hlis.
- Limited resources.
- Yog tias cov khoom ntim qis tau tsim, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv siab kawg. Tej zaum nws yuav zoo dua los siv cov cuab yeej thib peb, siv sijhawm thiab cov peev txheej ntawm daim ntawv thov software.
Systems ntawm lub nti muaj qhov tsis zoo loj uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau txhua. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov kho. Ib qho system ntawm lub nti feem ntau tuag tib yam li nws tau tsim. Tsis muaj dab tsi hloov hauv nws thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tag nrho. Yog hais tias ib yam dab tsi tawg nyob rau hauv lub twj paj nruag, tsuas yog ib feem yuav kho tsis tau los yog hloov. Yuav tsum hloov tag nrho SoC.
Cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plawsmobile chips
Peb muab cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm cov tshuab ntawm lub nti los ntawm cov tuam txhab loj: Qualcomm, Samsung, MediaTek, Huawei, NVIDIA thiab Broadcom. Qualcomm, NVIDIA, thiab MediaTek tsim thiab muag feem ntau mobile SoCs rau cov tuam txhab kho vajtse siv hauv cov khoom siv uas lawv tsim. Broadcom ua SoCs uas siv rau hauv routers thiab networking devices, thiab Samsung thiab Huawei tsis tsuas yog ua SoCs, tab sis yog ob lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb siv lawv.
Koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias qhov system ntawm lub nti yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm systems-on-a-chip yog txav ceev heev uas los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib piv, qhov kev xaiv yuav twb dhau lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws SoC yuav tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov processors lossis kev hloov pauv wireless ceev tshaj plaws.
