Txhua hnub, tib neeg tau pib siv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm ntau ntxiv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws siv Internet. Niaj hnub no, yuav luag txhua lub koom haum qhib lawv lub vev xaib hauv qhov system no. Tsis txhob sawv ib sab thiab cov pej xeem zoo tib yam. Lawv pib lawv tus kheej nplooj ntawv hauv ntau qhov kev sib tham.
Internet yog qhov qhib nrog cov neeg tuaj saib coob uas tso cai rau kev sib cuam tshuam tshiab ntawm cov neeg siv. Thiab tsis muaj dab tsi xav tsis thoob hauv qhov tseeb tias nws tau pib siv dav rau kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Qhov no yog theem tshiab kiag li ntawm tsis yog kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj muaj kev sib raug zoo-kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov koom haum thiab tib neeg.
History of Creation
Kev lag luam hluav taws xob yog kev koom ua ke ntawm cov koom haum raug cai thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog koom nyob rau hauv ib tug network ntawm entrepreneurship. Txog niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem no tau tsim nyob rau theem ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb Internet.
e-commerce yog dab tsi? ATTsis zoo li e-kev lag luam, lub tswv yim no muaj lub ntsiab lus nqaim. Nws txhais tau hais tias kev siv Is Taws Nem ua cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev teeb tsa kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsis muaj ib txwm "nyiaj-khoom" tswvyim. Nws yog hloov los ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv-cov ntaub ntawv".
E-commerce tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis kev yuav khoom hauv online. Ntxiv mus, hom kev ua ub no tau tshwm sim rov qab rau cov hnub thaum tib neeg tsis paub txog Internet. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1979, thaum American Michael Aldrich txiav txim siab los txuas lub computer thiab cable TV rau hauv ib tug tag nrho. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws siv cov xov tooj ruaj khov. Qhov kev siv tshuab no tso cai rau cov neeg siv los xaj cov khoom lag luam uas tau pom ntawm qhov screen. Thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1990 Tim Behrens tau tsim thawj qhov browser. Tom qab ntawd, e-kev lag luam thiab e-lag luam pib lawv txoj kev loj hlob sai. Yog li, xyoo 1992, Charles Stack tau qhib lub ntiaj teb thawj phau ntawv online. Amazon.com launched hauv 1994, ua raws li E-bay hauv 1995.
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam e-lag luam hauv tebchaws Russia tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov theem hauv qab no:
1. Xyoo 1991-1993 Lub sijhawm no, Is Taws Nem yog ib qho kev sib txuas lus tsuas yog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, cov chaw thev naus laus zis, cov kws tshaj lij hauv computer thiab tsoomfwv cov koom haum.
2. Xyoo 1994-1997 Lub sijhawm no, cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws tau pib nyiam qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thoob plaws lub vev xaib. 3. Los ntawm 1998 mus txog rau tam sim no, nrog kev pab ntawm Internet, hluav taws xobkev lag luam thiab e-commerce.
New Features
Cov lag luam uas ua lawv txoj kev lag luam hauv kev ib txwm muaj yog lub luag haujlwm rau txhua theem ntawm lawv cov haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv siv nyiaj ntau heev rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam thiab nws cov khoom tsim, xa khoom ntxiv thiab muag cov khoom tiav. Kev txhawb nqa logistical ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev siv kuj yuav tsum tau muaj peev nyiaj txiag loj.
Tab sis tom qab ntawd tuaj e-commerce. Nws pib maj mam hloov pauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam rau hauv lub network ntawm cov koom haum virtual. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub zej zog no muaj lub sijhawm los tsom mus rau lawv cov dej num hauv thaj chaw tsim nyog tshaj plaws. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xa cov kev daws teeb meem ntau tshaj plaws rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Tom qab tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam e-lag luam, kev lag luam tau txais txoj hauv kev tshiab. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej niaj hnub no nws ua tau:
- teeb tsa cov rooj sib tham video;
- kev cob qhia online;
- paub cov qauv kev lag luam tshiab;
- tsim cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam ib puag ncig;
- tau txais ntau yam ntaub ntawv;
- kev siv nyiaj txiag kev sib cuam tshuam;
- kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo tshiab ntawm cov tuam txhab raws li hluav taws xob technologies;
- qhib cov tshiab pheej yig channel;
- txhawb kev koom tes;
- kev txhawb nqa rau lwm lub tswv yim; - kev txhim kho kev lag luam tshiab ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev yuav khoom.
Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam online
Siv e-commercesuav nrog:
- tsim kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg xa khoom, cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom hauv Is Taws Nem;
- pauv cov ntaub ntawv tsim hauv daim ntawv hluav taws xob, uas tsim nyog rau kev siv ntawm kev muag khoom;
- muag khoom lossis kev pabcuam;
- kev muag khoom ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm cov khoom thiab kev txhawb nqa tom qab muag ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom hauv daim ntawv qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov khoom yuav khoom;
- kev them nyiaj hluav taws xob rau kev yuav khoom cov khoom siv nyiaj hluav taws xob, kev hloov pauv, credit cards thiab cov tshev; - xa khoom rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Kev lag luam-rau-kev lag luam
Muaj ntau hom kev lag luam e-lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov kev faib tawm suav tias yog cov hom phiaj ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Ib hom kev lag luam e-lag luam yog kev lag luam-rau-kev lag luam, lossis B2B. Xws li kev sib cuam tshuam yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yooj yim. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias ib lub tuam txhab lag luam nrog lwm tus.
Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no muaj lwm hom kev lag luam e-lag luam, B2B yog thaj chaw tsim kho tshaj plaws nrog rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Ua tsaug rau Internet platforms, tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua lag luam ua tau zoo dua thiab pob tshab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam muaj lub sijhawm los ua kom muaj kev sib tham sib tswj ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, muab kev pabcuam lossis muab cov khoom. Ua li no, nws siv cov databases ntawm lub koom haum muag khoom.
Qhov peculiarity ntawm kev lag luam-rau-kev lag luam qauv yog qhov no, kev coj ua ntawm e-lag luamyog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev sib cuam tshuam tag nrho ntawm cov koom haum rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua lag luam. Thiab nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev. Thaum ua lag luam nyob rau hauv B2B sector, lub lag luam ib txhij daws qhov teeb meem ntawm complex automation ntawm nws internal tswj.
Kev lag luam-rau-kev lag luam kev lag luam
Hauv kev lag luam e-lag luam, muaj cov chaw tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev hloov pauv thiab cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam nyiaj txiag. Cov no yog cov lag luam platforms, uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog virtual. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim tau:
- los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom;
- los ntawm cov muag khoom;- los ntawm peb tog.
Hnub no, muaj peb hom kev lag luam platform rau B2B qauv. Qhov no yog kev sib pauv, auction thiab catalog. Cia wb mus saib lawv.
Tsim ib phau ntawv qhia kev siv lub peev xwm tshawb nrhiav uas cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub muaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus neeg yuav khoom muaj txoj cai los sib piv thiab xaiv cov khoom los ntawm tus nqi, hnub xa khoom, lav, thiab lwm yam. Catalogs yog siv rau hauv cov lag luam uas kev lag luam muag khoom pheej yig feem ntau, nrog rau qhov kev thov yog kwv yees. thiab tus nqi hloov tsis tshua muaj heev.
Raws li rau kev sib tw, cov qauv kev lag luam no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov nqi tsis tas. Tus nqi kawg ntawm cov khoom yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm auction txheej txheem. Kev muag khoom yog siv thaum cov khoom muag lossis cov kev pabcuam raug muag yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv lawv hom. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov khoom tsis tshua muaj lossis cov cuab yeej peev, cov khoom khaws cia, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov thib peb ntawm virtual trading platform - kev pauv pauv - txawv ntawm qhov uas cov nqi muab los ntawm nws yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev xa khoom thiab kev thov, thiab yog li ntawd yuav raug hloov pauv. Cov qauv no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv cov khoom siv uas muaj ob peb tus qauv yooj yim. Kev sib pauv yog qhov txaus nyiam tshaj plaws rau cov kev lag luam uas tus nqi thiab kev thov tsis ruaj khov. Qee zaum, tus qauv no tso cai rau koj los ua lag luam tsis qhia npe, uas yog qee zaum tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev sib tw thiab tus nqi ruaj khov.
Cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees qhov kev cia siab zoo rau kev lag luam e-lag luam siv tus qauv no. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov kev muag khoom no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg yuav khoom. Tom qab tag nrho, kev lag luam yuav siv qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam txhab lag luam portal yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li kev lag luam platform yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom nrog ntau tus neeg yuav khoom.
Tsis ntev los no, ntau yam tshiab ntawm cov qauv muag hauv B2B sector tau tshwm sim. Cov no yog catalog systems uas coj ua ke ntau tus neeg muag khoom. Electronic platforms tseem tab tom pib ua haujlwm, sib txuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib pauv thiab kev sib tw. Hom kev lag luam e-lag luam no txo lub sijhawm thiab tus nqi ntawm kev xaiv thiab nrhiav cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws, nrog rau kev kaw qhov kev sib cog lus ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom thiab tus muag khoom.
Kev lag luam-rau-neeg siv khoom
E-lag luam, tsim los ntawm txoj cai ntawm B2C, pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum cov neeg siv khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab tsis yog cov koom haum raug cai, tab sis cov tib neeg. Feem ntau qhov no yog kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom muag. Txoj kev ua nokev lag luam kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom. Nws ua rau nws ua tau kom nrawm nrawm thiab yooj yim rau kev yuav khoom nws xav tau. Ib tug neeg tsis tas yuav mus yuav khoom. Nws yog txaus rau nws los kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntawm tus muag khoom lub vev xaib, xaiv cov qauv uas xav tau thiab xaj cov khoom, uas yuav raug xa mus rau qhov chaw nyob.
E-lag luam hauv Is Taws Nem raws li "kev lag luam-rau-tus neeg siv khoom" cov tswv yim kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus neeg muag khoom. Nws muaj peev xwm taug qab tau sai sai, thaum siv nyiaj tsawg kawg nkaus rau kev ua haujlwm.
Cov khw muag khoom online ib txwm ua haujlwm raws li B2C tswvyim. Lawv cov dej num yog tsom rau ib lossis lwm pab pawg neeg cov neeg siv khoom. Txij li xyoo 2010, lub npe hu ua kev lag luam kev lag luam tau tshwm sim thiab pib tsim. Nws npog qhov kev muag khoom ntawm cov kev pabcuam thiab cov khoom hauv kev sib tham.
Ib qho ntawm cov lag luam loj tshaj plaws B2C yog Asmeskas tuam txhab Amazon.com. Nws yog ib lub khw muag phau ntawv nrog ntau tshaj ib lab tus neeg siv khoom thoob ntiaj teb. Siv cov tswv yim lag luam-rau-cov neeg siv khoom, lub tuam txhab sib npaug kev nkag mus rau cov khoom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem qhov twg cov neeg siv khoom nyob, hauv nroog loj lossis hauv thaj chaw deb.
Kev lag luam-rau-tus neeg siv khoom lag luam
Nyob rau hauv B2C sector, cov khoom muag los ntawm:
- khw muag khoom hluav taws xob thiab khw;
- Web showcases;
- tshwj xeeb hauv Internet;- auctions.
Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov kev lag luam no. Kev lag luam hluav taws xobCov lag luam nruab nrab thiab me feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khw hauv online. Cov platforms virtual no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li cov tuam txhab cov vev xaib. Ib tug complex qauv yog Internet series. Lawv tuav ntau lub khw virtual tib lub sijhawm.
E-lag luam hauv Russia feem ntau ua los ntawm lub vev xaib me me. Cov khw no feem ntau yog cov lag luam me. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov vev xaib no yog cov ntawv teev npe lossis cov npe teev nqi, uas piav qhia txog cov khoom lossis kev pabcuam nws tus kheej, nrog rau kev sau cov xaj tau txais los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom.
Internet trading systems (TIS) yog siv los ntawm cov tuav loj, tuam txhab thiab cov koom haum. Xws li virtual platforms tso cai rau cov lag luam los txhim kho cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xa khoom, nrog rau tsim cov khoom siv sib txuas uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los muab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom nrog cov khoom siv raw, khoom siv, khoom siv, thiab lwm yam.
Ntau lub koom haum e-lag luam siv lub vev xaib tshwj xeeb. Ntawm lawv, txhua tus neeg muag khoom tuaj yeem tso lawv cov khoom ntawm tus nqi qub. Xws li lub vev xaib yog kev sib tw hauv hluav taws xob. Cov neeg yuav khoom uas txaus siab rau kev yuav khoom tuaj yeem qhia tus nqi siab dua rau nws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus neeg muag khoom tau sib cog lus nrog lub koom haum uas txaus siab them ntau dua.
Kev siv-rau-cov tswv yim
Kev txhim kho ntawm e-lag luam tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm C2C kev lag luam. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom uas tsis yog ua lag luam. NtawmHauv cov phiaj xwm kev lag luam e-lag luam no, cov neeg muag khoom tshaj tawm lawv cov kev tshaj tawm hauv online tshwj xeeb platforms uas yog tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub thiab cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm. Piv txwv li, hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, qhov chaw zov me nyuam no yog ebay.com. Qhov no yog tus thib peb uas tso cai rau cov neeg siv khoom ua tiav txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv lub sijhawm. Ntxiv mus, lawv coj qhov chaw ncaj qha hauv Is Taws Nem thiab muaj cov qauv ntawm kev sib tw hluav taws xob. Tus qauv C2C tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam heev niaj hnub no. Tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg yuav khoom txaus siab rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, uas yog qis dua hauv khw muag khoom.
Lwm yam txheej txheem
Dab tsi ntxiv tuaj yeem ua lag luam hluav taws xob? Ntxiv nrog rau cov txheej txheem uas tau piav qhia saum toj no, muaj ob peb lwm yam. Lawv tsis nrov heev, tab sis lawv pom lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau qhov tshwj xeeb. Yog li, kev siv e-lag luam tau dhau los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob lub koom haum raug cai thiab cov tib neeg nrog tsoomfwv cov koom haum. Qhov no siv rau kev sau cov lus nug thiab sau se, ua haujlwm nrog cov qauv kev lis kev cai, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tau ua tau tsuas yog nrog kev txhim kho ntawm Internet technologies.
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev lag luam e-lag luam no yog los pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov neeg them nyiaj pub dawb los ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv.
Cov cai yooj yim rau cov lag luam
Txhua tus uas xav pib ua lag luam raws li cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis yuav tsum paub txog cov hauv paus ntawm e-commerce. Muaj qee yam kev cai yooj yim uas yuav tsum yog hom roojmultiplication rau txhua tus neeg muag khoom. Leej twg xav ua tus yeej hauv kev sib tw yuav tsum:
- tsim ib qhov chaw zoo rau cov neeg siv tau zoo rau kev tshawb fawb xyaw;
- tig koj cov neeg tuaj saib rau hauv cov neeg yuav khoom;
- ua cov haujlwm lag luam uas yuav nyiam qhov chaw hauv Is Taws Nem; - txheeb xyuas kev muag khoom.
E-Commerce Prospects
Hnub no, qee yam tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev txhim kho ntawm EC. Ntawm lawv:
- qhov loj ntawm lub teb chaws thaj chaw, uas yuav tsum tau txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm tam sim no cov kev txwv tam sim no ntawm kev muag khoom, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nyob deb ntawm cov chaw lag luam;
- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nce cov Cov txheej txheem kev koom ua ke rau kev sib koom ua lag luam Lavxias nrog cov ntaub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov txheej txheem kev lag luam;
- qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txo cov nqi lag luam, uas yuav ua rau peb cov khoom lag luam sib tw hauv ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam;
- qhov xav tau kom meej meej tswj kev muag khoom los ntawm cov tuam txhab lawv tus kheej thiab cov tub ceev xwm nyiaj txiag;- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm cov koom haum thev naus laus zis nrog kev qhia txog cov cuab yeej niaj hnub tshaj tawm xov xwm.
Cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev kawm qib siab ua rau muaj kev txhim kho EC hauv Russia. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teb chaws cov cai tswj hwm nyiaj txiag tau tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv tuam txhab nyiaj txiag, kev siv uas tso cai rau cov tsev txhab nyiaj tuaj yeem muab kev pabcuam rau cov neeg siv khoom lag luam. e-lag luam kev ruaj ntseg hauvRussia tau muab cov kev daws teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm. Lawv koom nrog kev siv cov cuab yeej uas muab kev tiv thaiv cryptographic ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm cov neeg koom hauv kev lag luam virtual.
Tab sis muaj qee qhov teeb meem nrog e-lag luam hauv peb lub tebchaws. Yog li, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam virtual tau qeeb qeeb vim yog:
- theem qis ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm kev lag luam tshiab kev sib raug zoo rau peb;
- tsis zoo ntawm txoj cai lij choj;
- qib siab ntawm kev lag luam monopolization;
- tsis txaus kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom lag luam kev lag luam infrastructure;- imperfections nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm credit thiab nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo.
