Thermoelectric generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab daim ntawv thov

Cov txheej txheem:

Thermoelectric generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab daim ntawv thov
Thermoelectric generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab daim ntawv thov
Anonim

Thermoelectric generator (TEG thermogenerator) yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv Seebeck, Thomson thiab Peltier los tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm thermo-EMF. Cov nyhuv thermo-EMF tau tshawb pom los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Thomas Johann Seebeck (Seebeck effect) hauv xyoo 1821. Xyoo 1851, William Thomson (tom qab Lord Kelvin) txuas ntxiv kev tshawb fawb thermodynamic thiab ua pov thawj tias lub hauv paus ntawm electromotive force (EMF) yog qhov kub thiab txias..

thermoelectric generator
thermoelectric generator

Xyoo 1834, Fab Kis tus tsim khoom thiab saib xyuas Jean Charles Peltier tau tshawb pom qhov ntsuas kub thib ob, pom tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm ob hom khoom sib txawv raws li qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no (Peltier effect). Tshwj xeeb, nws tau kwv yees tias EMF yuav tsim nyob rau hauv ib tus neeg xyuas pib thaum muaj qhov kub sib txawv.

Xyoo 1950, Lavxias tus kws tshaj lij thiab kws tshawb fawb Abram Ioffe tau tshawb pom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Thermoelectric fais fab generator pib siv nyob rau hauvautonomous fais fab mov systems nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas siv tsis tau. Txoj kev kawm ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv, tus txiv neej txoj kev taug kev tau muab lub zog muaj zog rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm thermoelectric converters.

Lub xov tooj cua isotope lub zog tau xub ntsia rau ntawm lub dav hlau thiab chaw nres tsheb orbital. Lawv tau pib siv rau hauv kev lag luam roj thiab roj loj rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm cov kav xa hluav taws xob, hauv kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm nyob rau sab qaum teb, hauv kev lag luam tshuaj ua pacemakers, thiab hauv vaj tse raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Cov nyhuv Thermoelectric thiab hloov hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob

Thermoelectric generators, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog raws li kev siv cov nyhuv ntawm peb tus kws tshawb fawb (Seebeck, Thomson, Peltier), tau tsim yuav luag 150 xyoo tom qab kev tshawb pom uas nyob deb ua ntej lawv lub sijhawm.

cov nyhuv thermoelectric
cov nyhuv thermoelectric

Cov nyhuv Thermoelectric yog qhov tshwm sim hauv qab no. Txhawm rau kom txias lossis tsim hluav taws xob, siv "module" uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas. Txhua khub muaj cov khoom siv semiconductor p (S> 0) thiab n (S<0). Ob cov ntaub ntawv no txuas nrog los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib uas nws lub hwj chim thermoelectric yog suav tias yog xoom. Ob ceg (p thiab n) thiab tag nrho lwm cov khub uas ua rau lub module tau txuas nrog hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm hauv thermal circuit. TEG (thermoelectric generator) nrog rau qhov teeb tsa no tsim cov xwm txheej los ua kom zoo dua cov cua sov uas dhau los ntawm cov qauv, kov yeej nws.hluav taws xob tsis kam. Cov hluav taws xob tam sim no ua raws li txoj hauv kev uas them cov neeg nqa khoom (electrons thiab qhov) txav ntawm qhov chaw txias mus rau qhov chaw kub (hauv qhov ntsuas kub siab) hauv ob ceg ntawm khub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv pab txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm entropy los ntawm qhov chaw txias mus rau qhov kub, mus rau qhov cua sov uas yuav tiv thaiv kev kub nyhiab.

Thermoelectric generators ua hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus
Thermoelectric generators ua hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus

Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv xaiv muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo, qhov kub ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm kev txav ntawm cov cab kuj yuav ntau dua qhov thermal conductivity. Yog li ntawd, lub kaw lus yuav hloov cov cua sov los ntawm qhov chaw txias mus rau qhov kub thiab ua raws li lub tub yees. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob, cov cua kub ntws ua rau cov khoom txav ntawm cov khoom thauj thiab cov tsos ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qhov kub sib txawv ntau dua, qhov hluav taws xob ntau dua tuaj yeem tau.

TEG efficiency

ntsuas los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo. Lub zog ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thermoelectric nyob ntawm ob yam tseem ceeb:

  1. Tus nqi ntawm cov cua sov uas tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm qhov module (heat flow).
  2. Temperature deltas (DT) - qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Qhov loj dua qhov delta, nws ua haujlwm tau zoo dua, yog li ntawd, cov xwm txheej yuav tsum tau muab kev tsim kho, ob qho tib si rau cov khoom txias siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws tshem tawm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob phab ntsa.

Lo lus "kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thermoelectric" zoo ib yam li cov lus siv rau txhua homthermal tshuab. Txog tam sim no, nws tsawg heev thiab tsis pub ntau tshaj 17% ntawm Carnot's efficiency. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm TEG lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog txwv los ntawm Carnot efficiency thiab hauv kev xyaum tsuas yog nce mus txog ob peb feem pua (2-6%) txawm tias qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no yog vim tsis tshua muaj thermal conductivity nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv semiconductor, uas yog tsis conducive rau npaum lub hwj chim tsim. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tshua muaj thermal conductivity, tab sis tib lub sij hawm nrog lub siab tshaj plaws ua tau hluav taws xob conductivity yog xav tau.

Semiconductors ua haujlwm zoo dua li cov hlau, tab sis tseem nyob deb heev ntawm cov ntsuas uas yuav coj lub tshuab hluav taws xob thermoelectric mus rau qib ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam (tsawg kawg yog 15% siv cov cua kub kub). Kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm TEG yog nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv thermoelectric (thermoelectrics), kev tshawb nrhiav uas tam sim no nyob los ntawm tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Kev txhim kho ntawm cov thermoelectrics tshiab yog qhov nyuaj thiab kim, tab sis yog tias ua tiav, lawv yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis hauv cov txheej txheem tiam.

Cov khoom siv thermoelectric

Thermoelectrics yog tsim los ntawm cov alloys tshwj xeeb lossis cov khoom siv semiconductor. Tsis ntev los no, hluav taws xob conductive polymers tau siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Cov khoom siv thermal
Cov khoom siv thermal

Yuav tsum muaj rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob:

  • kev ua haujlwm siab vim tsis muaj thermal conductivity thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, siab Seebeck coefficient;
  • ua haujlwm rau qhov kub thiab txias thiab thermomechanicalcuam tshuam;
  • nkag mus thiab kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig;
  • ua haujlwm rau kev vibrations thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias;
  • kev ruaj ntseg ntev thiab tus nqi qis;
  • automation ntawm kev tsim khoom.

Tam sim no, kev sim tab tom ua los xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws thermocouples, uas yuav ua rau TEG efficiency. Cov khoom siv thermoelectric semiconductor yog ib qho alloy ntawm telluride thiab bismuth. Nws tau raug tsim tshwj xeeb los muab cov blocks lossis cov ntsiab lus sib txawv "N" thiab "P" yam ntxwv.

Cov ntaub ntawv thermoelectric feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev taw qhia crystallization los ntawm molten los yog nias hmoov metallurgy. Txhua txoj kev tsim khoom muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb kom zoo dua, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev loj hlob yog feem ntau. Ntxiv rau bismuth tellurite (Bi 2 Te 3), muaj lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, suav nrog cov hlau lead thiab tellurite (PbTe), silicon thiab germanium (SiGe), bismuth thiab antimony (Bi-Sb), uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tshwj xeeb. rooj plaub. Thaum bismuth thiab telluride thermocouples yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau feem ntau TEGs.

Dignity of TEG

Qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thermoelectric:

  • hluav taws xob yog tsim nyob rau hauv qhov kaw, ib-theem Circuit Court yam tsis siv cov tshuab sib txuas thiab siv cov khoom txav;
  • tsis muaj dej ua haujlwm thiab roj;
  • tsis muaj emissions ntawm cov teeb meem tshuaj, pov tseg tshav kub thiab suab nrov ntawm ib puag ncig;
  • dev roj teeb lub neej ntevua haujlwm;
  • siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg (cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thib ob) kom txuag hluav taws xob
  • ua haujlwm hauv txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm cov khoom, tsis hais qhov chaw ua haujlwm: chaw, dej, ntiaj teb;
  • DC tsawg voltage tiam;
  • kev tiv thaiv luv luv;
  • Unlimited txee lub neej, 100% npaj mus.
Kev siv TEG hauv qhov txias txias
Kev siv TEG hauv qhov txias txias

Teb daim ntawv thov ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thermoelectric

Qhov zoo ntawm TEG tau txiav txim siab txoj kev txhim kho thiab nws yav tom ntej:

  • kawm txog dej hiav txwv thiab chaw;
  • daim ntawv thov hauv me me (hauv tsev) lwm lub zog;
  • siv cua sov los ntawm lub tsheb tso cov kav dej;
  • hauv cov tshuab rov ua dua tshiab;
  • hauv cov cua txias thiab cua txias;
  • hauv cov twj tso cua sov rau cov cua sov tam sim ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm cov cav tsheb thiab tsheb;
  • cua sov thiab ua noj hauv thaj chaw;
  • them nyiaj hluav taws xob thiab saib;
  • khoom noj khoom haus ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag rau cov neeg ncaws pob.

Thermoelectric Peltier converter

Peltier Element
Peltier Element

Peltier element (EP) yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm siv Peltier nyhuv ntawm tib lub npe, ib qho ntawm peb cov teebmeem thermoelectric (Seebeck thiab Thomson).

Fab Kis Fab Kis Jean-Charles Peltier txuas tooj liab thiab bismuth xov hlau rau ib leeg thiab txuas lawv rau lub roj teeb, yog li tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm ob.cov hlau tsis sib xws. Thaum lub roj teeb tau hloov pauv, ib qho ntawm cov kev sib txuas yuav sov thiab lwm qhov yuav txias.

Peltier cov txiaj ntsig cov cuab yeej muaj kev ntseeg siab heev vim tias lawv tsis muaj qhov txav mus los, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, tsis muaj cov pa phem, muaj kev sib cog lus thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm bi-directional (cua sov thiab txias) nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm tam sim no.

Hmoov tsis zoo, lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg, tawm suab ntau heev, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom cua ntxiv thiab ua rau tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej nce ntxiv. Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob no siv hluav taws xob ntau heev thiab yuav ua rau muaj cua sov los yog condensation. Peltier cov ntsiab lus loj dua 60 mm x 60 mm yuav luag tsis pom.

Scope of ES

Kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ua rau txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm EP thiab nthuav dav ntawm kev ua lag luam.

Hnub no EP tau siv dav:

  • hauv cov tub yees txias, kom txias cov khoom siv me me thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob;
  • hauv dehumidifiers kom tshem tawm dej los ntawm huab cua;
  • nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau kom sib npaug cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub hnub ncaj qha ntawm ib sab ntawm lub nkoj thaum dissipating tshav kub mus rau lwm qhov;
  • kom txias cov photon detectors ntawm astronomical telescopes thiab cov koob yees duab zoo digital kom txo qis kev soj ntsuam vim yog overheating;
  • rau cov khoom siv hauv computer txias.

Tsis ntev los no, nws tau dav siv rau hauv tsev:

  • hauv cov khoom siv txias uas siv los ntawm USB chaw nres nkoj kom txias lossis cua sov dej;
  • nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib theem ntxiv ntawm kev txias ntawm compression tub yees nrog txo qhov kub ntawm -80 degrees rau ib-theem txias thiab mus txog -120 rau ob-theem;
  • hauv tsheb los tsim lub tub yees lossis lub tshuab cua sov.
Peltier cov ntsiab lus TEC1-12706
Peltier cov ntsiab lus TEC1-12706

Tuam Tshoj tau pib tsim cov Peltier cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov kho TEC1-12705, TEC1-12706, TEC1-12715 muaj nqis txog li 7 euros, uas tuaj yeem muab lub zog mus txog 200 W raws li "kub-txias" schemes, nrog rau kev pab cuam lub neej txog li 200,000 teev ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw kub ntawm -30 txog 138 degrees Celsius.

RITEG nuclear roj teeb

Nuclear roj teeb RITEG
Nuclear roj teeb RITEG

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) yog ib qho khoom siv uas siv cov thermocouples los hloov cov cua sov los ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau hluav taws xob. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob no tsis muaj qhov txav mus los. RITEG tau siv los ua lub zog ntawm satellites, spacecraft, tej thaj chaw deb lighthouse chaw ua los ntawm USSR rau lub Arctic vajvoog.

RTGs feem ntau yog lub zog nyiam tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv uas xav tau ntau pua watts ntawm lub zog. Hauv cov roj hlwb, roj teeb lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa hauv qhov chaw uas lub hnub ci tsis muaj zog. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob radioisotope thermoelectric yuav tsum tau tuav cov xov tooj cua nruj heev thaum lub sijhawmntev tom qab kawg ntawm nws lub neej kev pab.

Muaj kwv yees li 1,000 RTGs hauv tebchaws Russia, uas tau siv los ua lub zog ntawm qhov ntev ntev: lub teeb, xov tooj cua beacons thiab lwm yam khoom siv xov tooj cua tshwj xeeb. Thawj qhov chaw RTG ntawm polonium-210 yog Limon-1 hauv xyoo 1962, tom qab ntawd Orion-1 nrog lub zog ntawm 20 W. Qhov kev hloov kho tshiab kawg tau teeb tsa rau ntawm Strela-1 thiab Kosmos-84/90 satellites. Lunokhods-1, 2 thiab Mars-96 siv RTGs hauv lawv cov cua sov.

DIY thermoelectric generator ntaus ntawv

DIY TSI
DIY TSI

Cov txheej txheem nyuaj uas tshwm sim hauv TEG tsis txwv lub zos "Kulibins" hauv lawv lub siab xav koom nrog cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tsim TEG. Kev siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev TEG tau siv sijhawm ntev. Thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, cov neeg koom ua ke tau tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb. Nws tsim hluav taws xob los them xov tooj cua.

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Peltier cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua lag luam ntawm tus nqi pheej yig rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv tsev, nws tuaj yeem ua TEG koj tus kheej los ntawm kev ua raws li cov kauj ruam hauv qab no.

  1. Tau txais ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm lub khw muag khoom IT thiab siv cov tshuaj nplaum thermal. Lub tom kawg yuav pab txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm Peltier lub caij.
  2. Cais cov radiators nrog cov rwb thaiv tsev kub.
  3. Ua ib lub qhov hauv lub insulator kom haum rau Peltier lub caij thiab cov xov hlau.
  4. Sib sau cov qauv thiab nqa cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (tswj tswm ciab) mus rau ib qho ntawm cov radiators. Lub cua sov ntev dua, qhov tam sim no ntau dua yuav raug tsim los ntawm lub tsev thermoelectricgenerator.

Cov cuab yeej no ua haujlwm ntsiag to thiab hnyav hnyav. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ic2, raws li qhov loj me, tuaj yeem txuas lub xov tooj ntawm tes charger, tig lub xov tooj cua me me thiab qhib lub teeb pom kev zoo LED.

Tam sim no, ntau lub tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb paub zoo tau pib tsim ntau yam khoom siv pheej yig siv TEG rau cov neeg nyiam tsheb thiab cov neeg taug kev.

Mobile tsev niaj hnub TEG
Mobile tsev niaj hnub TEG

Kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tiam

Kev xav tau rau tsev neeg noj ntawm TEGs xav tias yuav loj hlob los ntawm 14%. Thermoelectric tiam kev loj hlob outlook tau luam tawm los ntawm Kev Lag Luam Kev Tshawb Fawb Yav Tom Ntej los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv "Lub Ntiaj Teb Thermoelectric Generators Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam - Huab Cua rau 2022" - kev tsom xam kev lag luam, ntim, sib faib, kev nce qib, tiam sis thiab kev kwv yees. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm lees paub qhov kev cog lus ntawm TEG hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov tsheb pov tseg thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov rau cov chaw hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam.

Thaj chaw, lub ntiaj teb lub tshuab hluav taws xob lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau muab faib ua Asmeskas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Is Nrias teb thiab Africa. Asia-Pacific suav hais tias yog ntu loj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua lag luam TEG.

Ntawm cov cheeb tsam no, Asmeskas, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj tau los hauv ntiaj teb TEG kev lag luam. Kev xav tau ntawm lub zog huv yuav nce ntxiv hauv Asmeskas.

Tebchaws Europe tseem yuav nthuav qhia kev loj hlob sai heev thaum lub sijhawm kwv yees. Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj yuavnce kev noj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb vim qhov kev xav tau ntawm tsheb, uas yuav ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua lag luam.

Cov tuam txhab tsheb xws li Volkswagen, Ford, BMW thiab Volvo, hauv kev koom tes nrog NASA, twb tau pib tsim cov mini-TEGs rau kev rov ua kom sov thiab roj kev lag luam hauv tsheb.

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