Tsawg zaus amplifier (tom qab no hu ua ULF) yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim los ua kom muaj zog oscillations tsawg zaus rau qhov uas tus neeg siv khoom xav tau. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li ntau hom transistors, raj lossis ua haujlwm amplifiers. Tag nrho cov ULFs muaj ntau qhov tsis sib xws uas qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm.
Kab lus no yuav tham txog kev siv cov cuab yeej zoo li no, nws cov kev txwv, kev tsim kho siv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lub circuitry ntawm tsawg zaus amplifiers kuj yuav raug txiav txim.
ULF daim ntawv thov
ULF feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov cuab yeej siv suab nrov, vim tias hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis no feem ntau tsim nyog los nthuav cov teeb liab zaus rau qhov uas tib neeg lub cev tuaj yeem pom (los ntawm 20 Hz txog 20 kHz).
Lwm daim ntawv thov ULF:
- ntsuas tshuab;
- defectoscopy;
- analog xam.
Feem ntau, bass amplifiers pom raws li cov khoom ntawm ntau yam hluav taws xob circuits, xws li xov tooj cua, acoustic li, TV, los yog xov tooj cua transmitters.
Parameters
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub suab nrov yog qhov nce. Nws yog xam raws li qhov piv ntawm cov zis rau cov tswv yim. Nyob ntawm tus nqi raws li kev xav, lawv paub qhov txawv:
- tam sim no nce=tso zis tam sim no / tawm tam sim no;
- voltage nce=qhov tso zis voltage / input voltage;
- power nce=tso zis zog / lub zog nkag.
Rau qee cov khoom siv, zoo li op-amps, tus nqi ntawm cov coefficient no loj heev, tab sis nws tsis yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov lej loj (raws li me me dhau) hauv kev suav, yog li kev nce qib feem ntau qhia hauv logarithmic. units. Cov qauv hauv qab no siv rau qhov no:
- zog nce hauv logarithmic units=10logarithm ntawm qhov xav tau lub zog nce;
- tam sim no nce hauv logarithmic units=20tus lej logarithm ntawm qhov xav tau tam sim no nce;
- voltage nce hauv logarithmic units=20logarithm ntawm qhov xav tau voltage nce.
Coefficients xam raws li qhov no yog ntsuas hauv decibels. Lub npe luv - dB.
Qhov tseem ceeb tom ntej noamplifier - teeb liab distortion coefficient. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias cov teeb liab amplification tshwm sim los ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv thiab kev hloov pauv. Tsis yog qhov tseeb uas ib txwm hloov pauv no yuav tshwm sim kom raug. Vim li no, lub teeb liab tso zis yuav txawv ntawm lub teeb liab input, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov duab.
Ideal amplifiers tsis muaj nyob, yog li kev cuam tshuam ib txwm muaj. Muaj tseeb, qee zaum lawv tsis mus dhau qhov kev tso cai txwv, thaum lwm tus lawv ua. Yog hais tias lub harmonics ntawm cov teeb liab ntawm cov zis ntawm lub amplifier coincide nrog cov harmonics ntawm lub input signals, ces qhov distortion yog linear thiab tsuas yog txo mus rau ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv amplitude thiab theem. Yog tias cov kev sib haum xeeb tshiab tshwm sim ntawm qhov tso zis, ces qhov kev hloov pauv tsis yog-linear, vim tias nws ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb liab.
Hauv lwm lo lus, yog tias qhov tsis sib haum xeeb yog kab thiab muaj "a" teeb liab ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, ces cov zis yuav yog "A" teeb liab, thiab yog tias nws tsis yog-linear, ces tus cov zis yuav yog "B" teeb liab.
Qhov kawg tsis tseem ceeb uas qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog lub zog tso zis. Lub zog ntau yam:
- Rated.
- Passport nrov.
- Ntaus luv luv.
- Ntaus sijhawm ntev.
Txhua plaub yam yog tus qauv los ntawm ntau yam GOSTs thiab cov qauv.
Vamplifiers
Keeb Kwm, thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev, uas yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev.
Nyob ntawm cov electrodes nyob rau hauv lub raj mis hermetic, cov teeb pom kev zoo:
- diodes;
- triodes;
- tetrodes;
- pentodes.
siab tshajtus naj npawb ntawm electrodes yog yim. Kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li klystrons.
Triode amplifier
Ua ntej tshaj, nws tsim nyog nkag siab txog kev hloov pauv. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov tsawg zaus triode amplifier Circuit Court yog muab hauv qab no.
Cov filament uas heats lub cathode yog energized. Voltage kuj yog siv rau lub anode. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, electrons tau khob tawm ntawm lub cathode, uas maj mus rau lub anode, uas muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo (electrons muaj peev xwm tsis zoo).
Ib feem ntawm cov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov thib peb electrode - daim phiaj, uas qhov hluav taws xob kuj siv tau, tsuas yog hloov pauv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm daim phiaj, lub anode tam sim no (qhov tam sim no nyob rau hauv Circuit Court tag nrho) yog tswj. Yog tias muaj peev xwm tsis zoo loj rau daim phiaj, tag nrho cov electrons los ntawm cathode yuav nyob ntawm nws, thiab tsis muaj qhov tam sim no yuav ntws los ntawm lub teeb, vim tias tam sim no yog lub zog ntawm electrons, thiab daim phiaj thaiv qhov kev txav no.
Lub teeb nce tau kho cov resistor uas txuas ntawm lub hwj chim mov thiab lub anode. Nws teeb tsa txoj haujlwm xav tau ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tam sim no-voltage yam ntxwv, uas qhov nce tsis nyob ntawm.
Vim li cas txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm tseem ceeb? Vim tias nws nyob ntawm seb qhov tam sim no thiab qhov hluav taws xob ntau npaum li cas (thiab yog li lub zog) yuav ua kom nrov nrov hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsawg zaus.
Cov teeb liab tso tawm ntawm triode amplifier yog coj los ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov anode thiab cov resistor txuas rau pem hauv ntej ntawm nws.
Amplifier rauklystron
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tsawg zaus klystron amplifier yog raws li cov teeb liab hloov ua ntej hauv kev nrawm thiab tom qab ntawd hauv qhov ceev.
Lub klystron yog teem raws li nram no: lub hwj muaj ib tug cathode rhuab los ntawm ib tug filament, thiab ib tug collector (analogous rau lub anode). Nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog cov input thiab output resonators. Electrons tawm ntawm lub cathode yog ceev los ntawm ib tug voltage thov mus rau lub cathode thiab maj mus rau lub collector.
Qee cov hluav taws xob yuav txav nrawm dua, lwm tus qeeb qeeb - qhov no yog qhov kev hloov pauv nrawm li cas. Vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ceev ntawm kev txav mus los, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv cov kab teeb - qhov no yog li cas kev hloov pauv ceev tshwm sim nws tus kheej. Qhov ceev modulated teeb liab nkag mus rau cov zis resonator, qhov twg nws tsim ib lub teeb liab ntawm tib zaus, tab sis muaj zog ntau dua li input resonator.
Nws hloov tawm tias lub zog kinetic ntawm electrons hloov mus rau hauv lub zog ntawm microwave oscillations ntawm electromagnetic teb ntawm cov zis resonator. Qhov no yog li cas lub teeb liab yog amplified nyob rau hauv lub klystron.
Ntawm ntawm electrovacuum amplifiers
Yog tias peb piv qhov zoo ntawm tib lub teeb liab amplified los ntawm ib lub raj ntaus ntawv thiab ULF ntawm transistors, qhov sib txawv yuav pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab tsis pom zoo rau tom kawg.
Txhua tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag yuav qhia rau koj tias lub raj amps yog qhov zoo dua li lawv cov qib siab.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ntev dhau los ntawm kev noj ntau, lawv tau hloov pauv los ntawm transistors thiab microcircuits, tab sis qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ntawm lub suab tsim tawm. Vim qhov kub thiab txias thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev nyob hauv, cov khoom siv teeb ua kom lub teeb pom kev zoo dua.
Qhov tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub raj ULF yog tus nqi siab, uas yog qhov laj thawj: nws kim heev los tsim cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog qhov xav tau ntau.
Bipolar transistor amplifier
Ntau zaus amplifying theem yog sib sau ua ke siv transistors. Ib qho yooj yim-zaus amplifier tuaj yeem sib sau los ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus: lub capacitor, resistor, thiab n-p-n transistor.
txhawm rau sib sau ua ke xws li lub suab nrov, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom av emitter ntawm lub transistor, txuas lub capacitor nyob rau hauv series rau nws lub hauv paus, thiab ib tug resistor nyob rau hauv parallel. Lub load yuav tsum tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub collector. Nws yog ib advisable mus txuas ib tug limiting resistor rau lub collector nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tso cai ntawm qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsawg zaus nws txawv ntawm 3 txog 12 volts. Tus nqi ntawm tus resistor yuav tsum tau xaiv sim, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub fact tias nws cov nqi yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 100 npaug ntawm load kuj. Tus nqi ntawm lub capacitor tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 1 txog 100 microfarads. Nws capacitance cuam tshuam qhov zaus ntawm lub amplifier tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Qhov loj dua qhov capacitance, qhov qis dua qhov ntsuas zaus uas lub transistor tuaj yeem ua kom nrov nrov.
Lub tswv yim teeb liab ntawm qhov tsawg zaus bipolar transistor amplifier yog siv rau lub capacitor. Lub hwj chim zoo yuav tsum tau txuas mus rau qhov chaw txuas ntawm qhov load thiab cov resistor txuas nrog lub hauv paus thiab lub capacitor.
txhawm rau txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov teeb liab zoo li no, koj tuaj yeem txuas cov kab hluav taws xob sib txuas sib txuas thiab cov hluav taws xob rau cov emitter, uas ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tawm tswv yim tsis zoo.
Amplifier nrog ob lub transistors
txhawm rau nce qhov nce, koj tuaj yeem txuas ob lub ULF transistors rau hauv ib qho. Tom qab ntawd cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cuab yeej no tuaj yeem muab ntau ntxiv.
Txawm hais tias yog tias koj txuas ntxiv nce cov theem ntawm kev nthuav dav, txoj hauv kev ntawm tus kheej-excitation ntawm amplifiers yuav nce.
Teb-zoo transistor amplifier
Cov tshuab hluav taws xob tsawg zaus kuj tau sib sau ua ke ntawm thaj chaw cuam tshuam (tom qab hu ua PT). Cov circuits ntawm cov khoom siv no tsis txawv ntau ntawm cov uas tau sib sau ua ke ntawm bipolar transistors.
Ib qho n-channel insulated rooj vag FET (ITF hom) amplifier yuav raug txiav txim siab ua piv txwv.
Ib lub capacitor txuas nrog hauv series mus rau lub substrate ntawm no transistor, thiab ib tug voltage divider yog txuas nyob rau hauv parallel. Ib qho resistor txuas nrog lub hauv paus ntawm FET (koj tuaj yeem siv qhov sib txuas ntawm lub capacitor thiab cov resistor, raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no). Lub limiting resistor thiab lub zog txuas nrog rau qhov ntws, thiab lub davhlau ya nyob twg yog tsim los ntawm cov resistor thiab cov ntws.
Lub tswv yim teeb liab mus rau qhov tsawg zaus teb-tshuaj cuam tshuam transistor amplifiers yog siv rau lub rooj vag. Qhov no kuj ua tiav los ntawm lub capacitor.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov kev piav qhia, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws-tshuaj cuam tshuam transistor amplifier circuit tsis txawv ntawm qhov tsawg zaus bipolar transistor amplifier circuit.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ua haujlwm nrog PT, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no ntawm cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account:
- FET siab Rinput=I / Ugate-source. Field-effect transistors yog tswj los ntawm hluav taws xob teb,uas yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Yog li ntawd, FETs yog tswj los ntawm voltage, tsis tam sim no.
- FETs haus yuav luag tsis muaj tam sim no, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis ntawm qhov teeb meem qub.
- Tsis muaj nqi txhaj tshuaj rau hauv thaj chaw cuam tshuam cov transistors, yog li lub suab nrov ntawm cov ntsiab lus no tsawg heev.
- Lawv kub resistant.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm FETs yog lawv qhov rhiab heev rau hluav taws xob zoo li qub.
Ntau tus neeg paub txog qhov xwm txheej thaum zoo li tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau tus neeg. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob static. Yog hais tias xws li ib tug impulse yog siv rau ib tug ntawm cov contacts ntawm lub teb-effect transistor, lub caij yuav ua tsis taus pa.
Yog li, thaum ua haujlwm nrog PT, nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis txhob coj cov neeg sib cuag nrog koj txhais tes kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam lub caij.
OpAmp ntaus ntawv
Kev ua haujlwm amplifier (tom qab no hu ua op-amp) yog ib qho khoom siv nrog cov khoom siv sib txawv, uas muaj qhov nce siab heev.
Signal amplification tsis yog tib txoj haujlwm ntawm lub caij no. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li lub teeb liab generator. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog nws cov khoom lag luam uas muaj kev txaus siab rau kev ua haujlwm nrog tsawg zaus.
Yuav ua kom lub teeb liab amplifier tawm ntawm op amp, koj yuav tsum txuas cov lus tawm tswv yim rau nws kom raug, uas yog qhov tsis tu ncua. Yuav ua li cas to taub qhov twg txuas rau lub Circuit Court no? Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum xa mus rau qhov hloov pauv yam ntxwv ntawm op-amp. Nws muaj ob kab rov tav thiab ib qho kab tawm. Yog qhov chaw ua haujlwmntaus ntawv nyob rau ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kab rov tav, ces lub op-amp ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv generator hom (miv tes), yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug linear seem, ces lub op-amp amplifies lub teeb liab.
Txhawm rau hloov cov op-amp mus rau hom kab, koj yuav tsum txuas cov lus tawm tswv yim nrog ib qho kev sib cuag mus rau cov khoom siv tawm, thiab lwm yam - rau inverting input. Qhov kev suav nrog no hu ua kev tawm tswv yim tsis zoo (NFB).
Yog tias nws yuav tsum tau ua kom lub suab qis qis yuav tsum tau nthuav dav thiab tsis hloov mus rau theem, ces lub inverting input nrog OOS yuav tsum tau grounded, thiab lub amplified teeb liab yuav tsum tau siv rau cov tsis inverting input. Yog hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los ua kom lub teeb liab thiab hloov nws theem los ntawm 180 degrees, ces lub inverting input yuav tsum tau grounded, thiab lub input teeb liab yuav tsum tau txuas mus rau lub inverting ib.
Hauv qhov no, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias lub tshuab ua haujlwm ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau muab nrog lub zog ntawm qhov sib txawv polarities. Rau qhov no, nws muaj kev tiv tauj tshwj xeeb.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv no yog qee zaum nyuaj rau xaiv cov khoom rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsawg zaus. Lawv cov kev sib koom tes ua tib zoo yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog cov txiaj ntsig nominal xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tau tsim, txhawm rau ua tiav qhov kev xav tau nce ntxiv.
Amplifier ntawm lub nti
ULF tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm amplifiers, tsuas yog lub tshuab nqus tsev yog lub xyoo dhau los, thiab cov seem ntawm cov circuits tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, qhov kev kho uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim qauv. ntawm lub amplifier. Qhov no tsis yooj yim.
Cov kws tshaj lij tau pom qhov kev xaiv yooj yim dua rau kev tsim ULF: kev lag luam tsim cov khoom npaj ua microcircuits uas ua raws li amplifiers.
Txhua qhov ntawm cov circuits no yog txheej ntawm op-amps, transistors thiab lwm yam khoom txuas nrog ib txoj hauv kev.
Piv txwv ntawm qee qhov ULF series hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke:
- TDA7057Q.
- K174UN7.
- TDA1518BQ.
- TDA2050.
Tag nrho cov lus saum toj no yog siv hauv cov khoom siv suab. Txhua tus qauv muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv: muab qhov hluav taws xob, lub zog tso zis, nce.
Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me nrog ntau tus pins, uas yooj yim rau tso rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab mount.
Ua haujlwm nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsawg zaus ntawm microcircuit, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lej ntawm cov lej, nrog rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev xav THIAB-tsis yog, LOSSIS-NOT.
Yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis qhov no, ntau lub voj voog yuav dhau los ua qhov loj thiab tsis yooj yim rau kev teeb tsa.
Yog li ntawd, kev siv cov kev sib txuas ua ke uas npaj tau ua haujlwm ULF zoo li yog qhov kev xaiv yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Txoj kev txhim kho
Qhov saum toj no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas koj tuaj yeem txhim kho lub teeb liab amplified thaum ua hauj lwm nrog bipolar thiab teb-effect transistors (los ntawm kev txuas lub capacitor thiab resistor nyob rau hauv parallel).
Kev hloov kho cov qauv zoo li no tuaj yeem ua nrog yuav luag txhua lub tswv yim. Tau kawg, qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab ncevoltage poob (lossis), tab sis ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov khoom ntawm ntau yam circuits tuaj yeem txhim kho. Piv txwv li, capacitors yog cov lim dej zoo heev.
Ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv, capacitive lossis inductive, nws raug nquahu kom sau cov lim dej yooj yim uas lim tawm cov zaus uas yuav tsum tsis txhob poob rau hauv Circuit Court. Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov khoom tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom muaj peev xwm nrog cov khoom siv ua haujlwm, cov lim dej ntau dua (kev sib koom ua ke, Sallen-Key differentiators, notch thiab bandpass filters) tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke.
In xaus
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov zaus amplifiers yog:
- tau;
- signal distortion factor;
- lub zog tso tawm.
Cov suab nrov qis feem ntau yog siv hauv cov khoom siv suab. Koj tuaj yeem sau cov ntaub ntawv siv tau raws li cov hauv qab no:
- ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev;
- ntawm transistors;
- ntawm kev ua haujlwm amplifiers;
- on tiav chips.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov amplifiers tsawg zaus tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev qhia cov khoom tiv thaiv, capacitive lossis inductive.
Txhua lub tswv yim saum toj no muaj nws tus kheej qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo: qee qhov amplifiers kim heev los sib sau ua ke, qee qhov tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv saturation, rau qee qhov nws nyuaj rau kev tswj xyuas cov khoom siv. Muaj ib txwm nta uas tus tsim qauv amp yuav tsum tau nrog.
Siv tag nrho cov lus pom zoo hauv tsab xov xwm no, koj tuaj yeem tsim koj tus kheej lub suab nrov rau kev siv hauv tseves tsis txhob yuav cov cuab yeej no, uas tuaj yeem raug nqi ntau thaum nws los txog rau cov cuab yeej zoo.
