Hnub no, kev lag luam tau dhau los ua thoob plaws, tsis muaj kev tsim khoom lossis kev pabcuam tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa. Keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Xav txog cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, nws cov evolution thiab lub xeev tam sim no.
kev lag luam tswvyim
Nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam yam tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim no. Txhais lus, lo lus txhais tau tias kev ua lag luam, ua haujlwm nrog kev ua lag luam. Tab sis thaum siv lo lus no, nws tau txais cov ntsiab lus ntxiv. Niaj hnub no, kev lag luam tau nkag siab tias yog ib qho kev ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam, nws yog txheej txheem kev tswj xyuas kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib pauv txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom. Txij li thaum kev lag luam yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lag luam, nws cov tsos tau rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub.
Thawj theem ntawm kev lag luam keeb kwm
Thawj qhov pib ntawm kev lag luam tshwm sim thaum tus neeg kawm tsim khoom ntau npaum litsis tuaj yeem haus. Cov khoom seem yuav tsum tau muag qee yam, thiab tom qab ntawd thawj cov cim ntawm kev lag luam tshwm sim. Qhov no tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Ancient Egypt, muaj cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum. Twb tau nyob rau hauv ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab ancient Rome, cov tub lag luam pib tsom rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau, kev tshaj tawm thiab kev sib raug zoo rau pej xeem tshwm sim. Nrog lub advent ntawm industrial ntau lawm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam cov khoom yuav nyuaj. Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv Nyij Pooj, lub khw muag khoom tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, ua haujlwm nruj me ntsis raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom. Nws muab kev lees paub rau cov khoom, siv qhov pib ntawm kev muag khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov no yog ib qho kev ua tiav ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom, tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov tswv yim no, txhua yam tau siv rau theem ntawm kev xav.
Russian kev paub
Muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv Russia ib yam nkaus. Raws li deb rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 18th, cov tub lag luam hauv tsev nkag siab tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim ib lub pas dej ua ke ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tsis tu ncua. Thiab lawv tau tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv cov neeg siv khoom, muag cov khoom lag luam zoo, muab kev lees paub, muag cov khoom "nrog rau kev taug kev", uas yog, nrog qhov hnyav me me, muab cov khoom plig me me rau kev yuav khoom, thiab ua cov khoom noj tastings. Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub sijhawm no kuj tseem nthuav: cov tub lag luam tau sib tw hauv kev kos duab ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv kos npe thiab lub khw qhov rais, siv cov touts, uas nyob rau hauv thawj daim ntawv caw cov neeg muas zaub mus rau lub khw.
Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Kev Lag Luam
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, cov xwm txheej ua ntej tshwm simkev lag luam. Yog vim li cas rau nws cov tsos yog lub saturation ntawm kev ua lag luam nrog cov khoom, lub concentration ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam peev, kev loj hlob ntawm in-line, loj ntau lawm, unorganized kev sib tw, lub xeev txoj cai ntawm kev ua lag luam, monopolies. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb, uas tau los ua qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib nkag siab txog qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, muab lawv tus kheej cov kev xaiv kom tawm ntawm nws. Xyoo 1901, kev qhuab qhia "kev lag luam" tau qhia thawj zaug hauv Asmeskas cov tsev kawm qib siab. Xyoo 1908, thawj qhov chaw tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam tau qhib. Theorists tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam, uas tom qab ntawd ntxiv mus rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tshwm sim no.
Production concept
thawj lub tswv yim hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam yog ib txwm hu ua kev tsim khoom. Nws tsim thiab dominates kev lag luam los ntawm 1860 txog 1920. Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua qub txhawm rau txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Nws ntseeg tau tias kev ua lag luam tuaj yeem haus txhua yam khoom ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog. Lub sijhawm no, kev lag luam tseem tsis tau muaj neeg coob coob nrog cov khoom, thiab nws txaus los teeb tsa tus nqi pheej yig rau cov neeg pib yuav ntau dua. Tab sis thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1930, nws tau pom tseeb tias kev yuav khoom ntawm tib neeg tsis muaj qhov kawg, thiab tsis txaus los tsim cov khoom, koj yuav tsum xav txog yuav ua li cas muag nws.
YProduct concept
Nyob rau xyoo 1920, cov tswvyim hauv qab no tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam. Nws yog tsim los dawsqhov teeb meem ntawm overproduction ntawm cov khoom, thiab txoj kev tawm yog pom nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho cov khoom. Nws tau xav tias cov neeg siv khoom yuav tau txais cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws, yog li cov tuam txhab tsim khoom siv tag nrho lawv cov kev siv zog los txhim kho lawv cov khoom, ua kom cov khoom ua haujlwm tau zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov kev txhim kho muaj feem xyuam nrog lub zeem muag ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, cov kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum qhia txog kev tsim kho tshiab. Cov neeg tsim khoom tau tsom mus rau lawv txoj kev siv zog los tsim "cov khoom zoo tagnrho", ntawm kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau pom meej sai sai tias txawm tias txoj hauv kev no tsis tuaj yeem yuam cov neeg yuav khoom tsis kawg. Ntawm ib theem, txoj kev no ua rau muaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tab sis nws sai sai ua rau nws muaj peev xwm.
Kev Muag Khoom
Thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1930, kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws tsim tau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm nthwv dej ntawm ntau lawm, yog li lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv zog ua lag luam tau tshwm sim. Muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias tus neeg siv khoom yuav tsum tau qhia txog cov khoom ntau zaus hauv ntau hom, txhawm rau thawb nws mus yuav. Yog li pib keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam sib xyaw.
Cov neeg tsim khoom nkag siab tias ib qho kev txhawb nqa tsis txaus lawm, thiab xav tau kev sib txuas lus nyuaj. Qhov no txoj kev ua rau lub fact tias ib tug avalanche ntawm advertising ntog rau cov neeg siv khoom, annoying, txhoj puab heev, muab nws ib tug tsis tsim nyog cov khoom, uas repels nws los ntawm kev yuav khoom. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg siv khoom tsis zoo, tsis kam rov ua dua kev yuav khoom thiab, vim li ntawd, kom txo qis ntawm kev muag khoom.
Consumer Concept
NyobCov theem tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam yog ib txoj hauv kev muaj feem xyuam nrog cov kev xav tau thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Lub tswv yim no tseem hu ua kev lag luam ib txwm muaj. Vim tias nws tshaj tawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb - kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, los ntawm kev tso tawm ib yam khoom uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Cov chaw tsim khoom, ua ntej tso tawm cov khoom muag, tam sim no ua kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, nws cov kev txaus siab thiab kev xav tau. Tam sim no nws tsis yog yam uas lub tuam txhab muaj peev xwm thiab xav tsim, tab sis qhov uas cov neeg siv khoom xav tau thiab tuaj yeem yuav. Qhov xav tau los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg siv khoom mus sij hawm ntev, tsim kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tau lees paub. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom yog tam sim no cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab.
kev lag luam-kev ncaj ncees
Nyob rau xyoo 1980, lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam ib txwm pib txuas nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg. Cov khoom yuav tsum tam sim no tsis yog tsuas yog ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ib tus neeg, tab sis kuj ua raws li kev coj ncaj ncees thiab ib puag ncig tus qauv. Hauv lub tswv yim no, kev lag luam sib xyaw ua ke dhau los ua cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa tseem ceeb. Tam sim no cov chaw tsim khoom yog lub luag haujlwm tsis yog tsuas yog kawm cov neeg siv khoom xwb, tab sis kuj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account cov xwm txheej ntawm kev txuag cov peev txheej thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Cov neeg siv khoom niaj hnub no yuav yuav cov khoom lag luam uas txaus siab rau nws cov kev xav tau, thiab tseem ua tau raws li tag nrho cov kev cai nyab xeeb thiab pab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg.
Kev sib tham ua lag luam
Nyob rau xyoo 1980, lub tswvyim tshiab tau tshwm sim rautsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg siv khoom. Nws cov tsos yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws tsis yog cov khoom lag luam uas tuaj yeem ua ntej, tab sis kev pabcuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tswv yim no yog lub ntiaj teb nthuav dav ntawm kev lag luam kev pabcuam. Cov chaw tsim khoom tam sim no yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev pabcuam rau cov neeg siv khoom, cov kev pabcuam tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov neeg sib tw. Cov khoom lag luam twb tau mus txog lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nws yog qhov nyuaj los txhim kho lawv ntau, yog li kev mloog yog hloov mus rau kev sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg siv khoom, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam nce. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub tswv yim no yog txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam hauv Internet. Cov keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tau hloov mus rau theem tshiab, vim tias kev sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg siv khoom tam sim no tau los ze zog, sib tham sib, thiab ua tau zoo dua. Nrog rau kev nkag mus hauv Is Taws Nem rau hauv kev muag khoom, lub platform tshiab rau kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg siv khoom tshwm sim, thaj tsam thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam raug tshem tawm, tag nrho qhov no ua rau muaj kev txhim kho hauv kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus.
theem tam sim no hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam
Kev sib tham kev lag luam yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Tab sis qhov peculiarity ntawm lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev lag luam yog tias ob peb lub tswv yim zoo sib koom ua ke tib lub sijhawm. Niaj hnub no, cov chaw tsim khoom siv tsis yog tsuas yog kev lag luam sib cuam tshuam xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev sib koom ua ke, cov tswv yim, kev tsim kho tshiab, qauv kev lag luam.
