Germanium transistors nyiam lawv lub hnub qub nyob rau thawj xyoo caum ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor ua ntej tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom siv microwave silicon. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog vim li cas thawj hom transistors tseem suav tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam suab paj nruag thiab tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag.
Germanium tau pom los ntawm Clemens thiab Winkler hauv German nroog Freiberg xyoo 1886. Lub neej ntawm cov khoom no tau kwv yees los ntawm Mendeleev, tau teem ua ntej nws qhov hnyav atomic sib npaug rau 71, thiab qhov ntom ntawm 5.5 g / cm3 3.
Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg thaum ntxov xyoo 1885, ib tus neeg ua haujlwm miner ua haujlwm ntawm Himmelsfürst nyiaj mine ze Freiberg ntog rau ntawm ib qho ore txawv txawv. Nws tau muab rau Albin Weisbach los ntawm Mining Academy nyob ze, uas tau lees paub tias nws yog cov ntxhia tshiab. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, nug nws cov npoj yaig Winkler los tshuaj xyuas qhov kev rho tawm. Winkler nrhiav tau qhov ntawdntawm cov tshuaj pom tau tias yog 75% nyiaj, 18% sulfur, tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov seem 7% ntim ntawm qhov pom.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1886, nws pom tau hais tias qhov no yog ib qho tshiab zoo li hlau. Thaum nws cov khoom raug kuaj, nws tau pom tseeb tias nws yog lub ntsiab lus uas ploj lawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, uas yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm silicon. Cov ntxhia los ntawm nws keeb kwm yog hu ua argyrodite - Ag 8 GeS 6. Hauv ob peb lub xyoo caum, lub caij no yuav tsim lub hauv paus ntawm germanium transistors rau suab.
Germanium
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, germanium yog thawj zaug cais thiab txheeb xyuas los ntawm German chemist Clemens Winkler. Cov khoom no, muaj npe tom qab Winkler lub teb chaws, tau ntev tau suav tias yog cov hlau tsis muaj hluav taws xob. Cov lus no tau hloov kho thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, txij li thaum nws yog thaum ntawd cov khoom semiconductor ntawm germanium tau pom. Cov khoom siv uas muaj germanium tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kom txaus siab rau kev tsim cov germanium transistors thiab cov khoom siv zoo sib xws. Yog li, kev tsim cov germanium hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau nce los ntawm ob peb puas kilograms hauv 1946 txog 45 tons los ntawm 1960.
Chronicle
Keeb kwm ntawm transistors pib xyoo 1947 nrog Tswb Laboratories, nyob hauv New Jersey. Peb tus kws tshaj lij Asmeskas cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem: John Bardeen (1908-1991), W alter Brattain (1902-1987) thiab William Shockley (1910-1989).
Pab pawg coj los ntawm Shockley tau sim tsim hom tshiab amplifier rauTeb Chaws Asmeskas cov xov tooj, tab sis qhov lawv tau tsim tiag tiag tau ua kom nthuav dav ntxiv.
Bardeen thiab Brattain tau tsim thawj transistor rau hnub Tuesday, Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1947. Nws yog hu ua point contact transistor. Shockley tau ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm qhov project, yog li nws tsis xav tsis thoob tias nws tau npau taws thiab npau taws thaum raug tsis lees paub. Tsis ntev nws ib leeg-tes tsim txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib tshuam transistor. Cov cuab yeej no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus hu rau transistor.
Nyob ntiaj teb tshiab
Thaum Bardeen tawm hauv Tswb Labs los ua kev kawm (nws tau mus kawm germanium transistors thiab superconductors ntawm University of Illinois), Brattain ua haujlwm ib ntus ua ntej mus rau kev qhia. Shockley pib nws lub tuam txhab transistor tsim thiab tsim ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb - Silicon Valley. Nov yog thaj chaw vam meej hauv California ib ncig ntawm Palo Alto qhov chaw lag luam hluav taws xob loj nyob. Ob tug ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm, Robert Noyce thiab Gordon Moore, nrhiav tau Intel, lub ntiaj teb chipmaker loj tshaj plaws.
Bardeen, Brattain thiab Shockley luv luv tau sib sau ua ke hauv xyoo 1956 thaum lawv tau txais lub ntiaj teb cov khoom plig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb, Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics, rau lawv qhov kev tshawb pom.
Patent law
Tus thawj taw tes-hu rau transistor tsim yog teev nyob rau hauv US patent foob los ntawm John Bardeen thiab W alter Brattain thaum Lub Rau Hli 1948 (txog rau lub hlis tom qab qhov kev tshawb pom thawj zaug). Patent tau tshaj tawm Lub Kaum Hlis 3, 1950ntawm lub xyoo. Ib qho yooj yim PN transistor muaj nyias txheej ntawm P-hom germanium (daj) thiab ib txheej hauv qab ntawm N-hom germanium (txiv kab ntxwv). Germanium transistors muaj peb tus pins: emitter (E, liab), collector (C, xiav), thiab puag (G, ntsuab).
Ib yam yooj yim
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob transistor yuav ua kom pom tseeb yog tias peb kos qhov piv txwv nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kais dej: lub emitter yog lub raj xa dej, thiab cov khoom siv yog cov kais dej. Qhov kev sib piv no pab piav qhia seb lub transistor ua haujlwm li cas.
Cia peb xav tias lub transistor yog dej faucet. Hluav taws xob tam sim no ua zoo li dej. Lub transistor muaj peb terminals: puag, collector thiab emitter. Lub hauv paus ua haujlwm zoo li tus faucet kov, lub collector ua haujlwm zoo li dej khiav mus rau hauv lub faucet, thiab cov emitter ua haujlwm zoo li lub qhov uas cov dej ntws tawm. Los ntawm me ntsis tig lub faucet kov, koj tuaj yeem tswj cov dej ntws muaj zog. Yog tias koj me ntsis tig lub faucet kov, ces tus nqi ntawm cov dej yuav nce ntxiv. Yog hais tias lub faucet kov yog kaw tag, dej yuav tsis ntws. Yog tias koj tig lub pob qhov rooj tag nrho, cov dej yuav ntws nrawm dua.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, germanium transistors yog circuits uas yog raws li peb tus neeg: emitter (E), collector (C) thiab puag (B). Lub hauv paus tswj cov tam sim no los ntawm lub collector mus rau lub emitter. Tam sim no uas ntws los ntawm lub collector mus rau lub emitter yog proportional rau lub hauv paus tam sim no. Lub emitter tam sim no, los yog lub hauv paus tam sim no, yog sib npaug rau hFE. Qhov kev teeb tsa no siv cov khoom sib sau ua ke (RI). Yog tias tam sim no Ic ntws los ntawmRI, ib qho hluav taws xob yuav raug tsim tawm thoob plaws qhov resistor, uas yog sib npaug rau cov khoom ntawm Ic x RI. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov voltage hla transistor yog: E2 - (RI x Ic). Ic yog kwv yees li sib npaug rau Ie, yog li yog IE=hFE x IB, ces Ic kuj sib npaug rau hFE x IB. Yog li ntawd, tom qab hloov, qhov voltage hla transistors (E) yog E2 (RI x le x hFE).
Functions
Lub transistor audio amplifier yog tsim los ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab hloov pauv haujlwm. Siv xov tooj cua ua piv txwv, cov teeb liab uas lub xov tooj cua tau txais los ntawm huab cua tsis muaj zog heev. Lub xov tooj cua nthuav tawm cov teeb liab no los ntawm cov lus tso tawm. Qhov no yog "boost" muaj nuj nqi. Yog li, piv txwv li, germanium transistor gt806 yog tsim los siv rau hauv cov khoom siv mem tes, converters thiab tam sim no thiab voltage stabilizers.
Rau lub xov tooj cua analog, tsuas yog ua kom lub suab nrov nrov yuav ua rau cov neeg hais lus tsim suab. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov khoom siv digital, cov tswv yim waveform yuav tsum tau hloov. Rau cov khoom siv digital xws li lub computer lossis MP3 player, lub transistor yuav tsum hloov lub teeb liab mus rau 0 lossis 1. Qhov no yog "hloov ua haujlwm"
Koj tuaj yeem pom ntau cov khoom siv hu ua transistors. Peb tab tom tham txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ua los ntawm cov kua silicon infiltration.
Soviet Silicon Valley
Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s, lub nroog ntawm Zelenograd tau los ua ib tug springboard rau lub koom haum ntawm lub Microelectronics Center nyob rau hauv nws. Soviet engineer Shchigol F. A. tsim 2T312 transistor thiab nws cov analogue 2T319, uas tom qab ntawd los ua. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm hybrid circuits. Nws yog tus txiv neej no uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov germanium transistors hauv USSR.
Nyob rau xyoo 1964, Angstrem cog, raws li Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Precision Technologies, tsim thawj IC-Path kev sib txuas nrog 20 lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub nti, uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm transistors nrog kev sib txuas tiv thaiv.. Tib lub sijhawm, lwm cov thev naus laus zis tau tshwm sim: thawj lub tiaj tus transistors "Plane" tau pib.
Hauv xyoo 1966, thawj qhov chaw sim rau kev tsim cov vaj huam sib luag tiaj tiaj tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm Pulsar Research Institute. Ntawm NIIME, Dr. Valiev pawg tau pib tsim cov kab hluav taws xob nrog cov logic sib xyaw ua ke.
Nyob rau xyoo 1968, lub koom haum tshawb fawb Pulsar tau tsim thawj ntu ntawm KD910, KD911, KT318 nyias-zaj duab xis qhib-thav duab tiaj tiaj transistor hybrid ICs, uas yog tsim los rau kev sib txuas lus, TV, xov tooj cua tshaj tawm.
Linear transistors nrog loj-siv cov ICs (hom 155) tau tsim los ntawm DOE Research Institute. Nyob rau hauv 1969, tus Soviet physicist Zh. I. Alferov nrhiav tau rau lub ntiaj teb no txoj kev xav ntawm kev tswj electron thiab lub teeb fluxes nyob rau hauv heterostructures raws li lub gallium arsenide system.
Past vs yav tom ntej
thawj serial transistors yog raws li germanium. P-hom thiab N-hom germanium tau txuas ua ke los ua ib qho kev sib tshuam transistor.
Lub tuam txhab Asmeskas Fairchild Semiconductor tau tsim cov txheej txheem kev npaj hauv xyoo 1960. Ntawm no rau zus tau tej cov transistors nrogsilicon thiab photolithography tau siv los txhim kho kev lag luam scale reproducibility. Qhov no ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm germanium thiab silicon transistors yog raws li hauv qab no:
- silicon transistors yog pheej yig dua;
- silicon transistor muaj qhov pib voltage ntawm 0.7V thaum germanium muaj qhov pib voltage ntawm 0.3V;
- silicon tiv taus qhov kub ib puag ncig 200 ° C, germanium 85 ° C;
- silicon to tam sim no ntsuas hauv nA, rau germanium hauv mA;
- PIV Si loj dua Ge;
- Ge tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov kev hloov pauv me me hauv cov teeb liab li no lawv yog cov "suab paj nruag" transistors tshaj plaws vim lawv qhov rhiab heev.
Audio
Kom tau txais lub suab zoo ntawm cov khoom siv suab analog, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab. Yuav xaiv dab tsi: niaj hnub integrated circuits (ICs) los yog ULF ntawm germanium transistors?
Nyob rau thaum ntxov ntawm transistors, kws tshawb fawb thiab engineers tau sib cav txog cov khoom uas yuav underlie cov khoom siv. Ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham, qee qhov yog cov conductors, lwm tus yog insulators. Tab sis qee lub ntsiab lus muaj cov cuab yeej nthuav dav uas tso cai rau lawv hu ua semiconductors. Silicon yog ib qho semiconductor thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov transistors thiab integrated circuits tsim hnub no.
Tab sis ua ntej silicon tau siv los ua cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev ua lub transistor, nws tau hloov los ntawm germanium. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm silicon tshaj germanium yog vim qhov nce siab dua uas tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Txawm hais tias germanium transistors los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv feem ntau muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm ib leeg, qee hom raug suav tias tsim lub suab sov, nplua nuj thiab muaj zog. Lub suab tuaj yeem sib txawv los ntawm crunchy thiab tsis sib npaug mus rau muffled thiab tiaj tus nrog hauv-nruab nrab. Undoubtedly, xws li ib tug transistor tsim nyog kawm ntxiv raws li ib tug amplifying ntaus ntawv.
Qhia rau kev nqis tes ua
Kev yuav khoom hauv xov tooj cua yog txheej txheem uas koj tuaj yeem pom txhua yam koj xav tau rau koj txoj haujlwm. Cov kws txawj hais li cas?
Raws li ntau lub xov tooj cua amateurs thiab connoisseurs ntawm lub suab zoo, P605, KT602, KT908 series tau lees paub tias yog cov suab paj nruag tshaj plaws.
Rau cov stabilizers, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv AD148, AD162 series los ntawm Siemens, Philips, Telefunken.
Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm germanium transistors - GT806, nws yeej piv rau P605 series, tab sis hais txog timbre zaus, nws yog qhov zoo dua los muab kev nyiam rau tom kawg. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau hom KT851 thiab KT850, nrog rau cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov transistor KP904.
P210 thiab ASY21 hom tsis pom zoo vim tias lawv yeej muaj suab tsis zoo.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Txawm hais tias ntau hom ntawm germanium transistors muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv, lawv txhua tus tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub suab zoo, nplua nuj thiab zoo nkauj dua. Lawv tuaj yeem pab hloov lub suab ntawm guitarnyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tones, nrog rau khaus, muted, hnyav, smoother, los yog ib tug ua ke ntawm cov no. Hauv qee cov khoom siv, lawv tau siv dav los muab cov suab paj nruag guitar ua si zoo, tsis tshua muaj suab nrov thiab suab nrov.
Dab tsi yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm germanium transistors? Ntawm chav kawm, lawv tus cwj pwm tsis paub tseeb. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, nws yuav tsim nyog los ua qhov kev yuav khoom loj ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua, uas yog, yuav ntau pua lub transistors thiaj li nrhiav tau ib qho zoo rau koj tom qab rov sim dua. Qhov tsis txaus no tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm studio engineer thiab tshuab raj Zachary Vex thaum tab tom nrhiav vintage sound effect blocks.
Vex pib tsim Fuzz guitar teebmeem units kom ua suab paj nruag guitar kom meej meej los ntawm kev sib xyaw thawj Fuzz units hauv qee qhov kev faib ua feem. Nws siv cov transistors no yam tsis tau sim lawv lub peev xwm kom tau txais kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws, cia siab rau txoj hmoo xwb. Thaum kawg, nws raug yuam kom tso tseg qee qhov transistors vim lawv lub suab tsis zoo thiab pib tsim cov Fuzz zoo nrog germanium transistors hauv nws lub Hoobkas.
