Lub suab nrov electrodynamic yog ib qho khoom siv uas hloov lub teeb liab hluav taws xob mus rau hauv lub suab los ntawm kev txav lub kauj nrog tam sim no hauv cov hlau nplaum ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Peb siv cov cuab yeej no txhua hnub. Txawm hais tias koj tsis yog tus kiv cua loj ntawm suab paj nruag thiab tsis siv ib nrab hnub hauv lub mloog pob ntseg. TVs, xov tooj cua hauv tsheb, thiab txawm tias xov tooj yog nruab nrog cov hais lus. Cov txheej txheem no paub rau peb yog qhov tseeb tag nrho ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab nws cov cuab yeej yog kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm engineering art.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav ua tib zoo saib ntawm cov khoom hais lus. Wb sib tham txog yam khoom no muaj li cas thiab lawv ua haujlwm li cas.
History
Hnub pib qhov kev txiav txim me me rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm electrodynamics. Lub suab nrov ntawm hom zoo sib xws tau siv thaum ntxov li xyoo 1920s. Tswb lub xov tooj ua haujlwm raws li txoj cai zoo sib xws. Nws koom nrog ib daim nyias nyias uas txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Cov neeg hais lus no muaj ntau yam teeb meem loj: zaus distortion, suab poob. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cov suab nrov nrov, Oliver Lorde tau hais kom siv nws txoj haujlwm. Nws coil tsiv hla cov kab ntawm lub zog. me ntsisTom qab ntawd, ob ntawm nws cov npoj yaig tau hloov kho thev naus laus zis rau cov neeg siv khoom lag luam thiab patented tus qauv tshiab ntawm electrodynamics uas tseem siv niaj hnub no.
khoom siv hais lus
Tus hais lus muaj tus qauv tsim thiab muaj ntau yam. Daim duab hais lus (hauv qab) qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb uas ua rau tus hais lus ua haujlwm zoo.
Lub tshuab hais lus acoustic suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- ncua kev kawm (los yog ntug corrugation);
- diffuser (los yog membrane);
- cap;
- suab coil;
- core;
- magnetic system;
- diffuser yas dhos;
- kev hloov pauv tau.
Cov qauv hais lus sib txawv tuaj yeem siv cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb sib txawv. Cov cuab yeej hais lus classic zoo li qhov no.
Cia peb xav txog txhua tus neeg tsim qauv hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.
ntug corrugation
Lub ntsiab lus no tseem hu ua " dab tshos ". Qhov no yog cov yas los yog roj hmab edging uas piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem electrodynamic thoob plaws cheeb tsam. Qee lub sij hawm ntuj fabrics nrog tshwj xeeb vibration-damping txheej yog siv los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb. Corrugations tau muab faib tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm hom khoom uas lawv tau tsim, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov duab. Cov subtype nrov tshaj plaws yog semi-toroidal profiles.
Muaj ntau qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau "lub dab tshos", qhov kev coj ua uas qhia tau tias nws qhov zoo. Thawj qhov yuav tsum tau muaj yog kev hloov pauv siab. Corrugation resonant zausyuav tsum qis. Qhov thib ob qhov yuav tsum tau muaj yog tias corrugation yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo thiab tsuas yog muab ib hom oscillation - parallel. Qhov thib peb xav tau yog kev ntseeg tau. Lub "caj dab" yuav tsum txaus teb rau qhov kub thiab txias thiab "ib txwm" hnav, khaws nws cov duab kom ntev.
Yuav kom ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub suab, cov roj hmab corrugations yog siv nyob rau hauv tsawg zaus hais lus, thiab cov ntawv nyob rau hauv high-frequency sawv daws yuav.
Diffuser
Lub ntsiab radiating khoom hauv electrodynamics yog diffuser. Lub khob hais lus yog ib hom piston uas txav mus rau hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim nce thiab nqis thiab tuav lub amplitude-frequency yam ntxwv (tom qab no hu ua cov lus teb zaus) hauv daim ntawv linear. Raws li qhov oscillation zaus nce, lub diffuser pib khoov. Vim li no, thiaj li hu ua sawv nthwv dej tshwm sim, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau dips thiab nce nyob rau hauv lub zaus teb graph. Txhawm rau txo qhov cuam tshuam no, cov neeg tsim qauv siv cov diffusers uas ua los ntawm cov khoom siv qis dua. Yog hais tias tus hais lus loj yog 12 ntiv tes, ces qhov ntau zaus nyob rau hauv nws yuav txawv li ntawm 1 kilohertz rau tsawg zaus, 3 kilohertz rau nruab nrab thiab 16 kilohertz rau high frequencies.
- Diffusers tuaj yeem nruj. Lawv yog ua los ntawm ceramic los yog txhuas. Cov khoom zoo li no muab qhov qis tshaj ntawm lub suab distortion. Rigid cone speaker yog kim kim dua li lawv cov counterparts.
- Cov diffusers yog tsim los ntawm polypropylene. Cov qauv no muab cov suab nrov tshaj plaws thiab sov tshaj plaws vim qhov nqus ntawm nthwv dej los ntawm cov khoom muag.
- Semi-rigid diffusers yog kev sib haum xeeb. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm Kevlar lossis fiberglass. Distortion provoked los ntawm xws li lub khob hliav qab yog siab dua cov tawv, tab sis qis dua cov mos.
Cab
Lub kaus mom yog hluavtaws lossis ntaub plhaub uas nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los tiv thaiv cov neeg hais lus los ntawm plua plav. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub kaus mom plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov suab nrov. Tshwj xeeb, thaum ua si nruab nrab zaus. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho kom nruj tshaj plaws, lub kaus mom yog ua kom sib npaug, muab lawv khoov me ntsis. Raws li koj tau nkag siab lawm, ntau yam khoom siv tsuas yog tib yam nkaus xwb thiaj li ua tiav lub suab. Npuag nrog ntau yam impregnations, films, cellulose compositions thiab txawm hlau meshes yog siv. Qhov kawg, nyob rau hauv lem, kuj ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug radiator. Aluminium los yog hlau mesh ua kom sov tshaj tawm ntawm lub kauj.
Puck
Qee zaum kuj hu ua kab laug sab. Qhov no yog ib qho hnyav nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub khob hais lus thiab nws lub cev. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws yog kom muaj kev ruaj khov rau cov woofers. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog tias muaj kev hloov pauv sai ntawm qhov kub hauv chav. Lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws kho qhov chaw ntawm lub kauj thiab tag nrho cov kev txav mus los, thiab tseem kaw qhov sib nqus sib nqus, tiv thaiv plua plav los ntawm nws. Classic washers yog ib puag ncig corrugated disc. Ntau cov kev xaiv niaj hnub zoo li txawv me ntsis. Qee cov tuam ntxhab txhob txwm hloov cov duab ntawm cov corrugations thiaj li ua rau kom cov linearityfrequencies thiab stabilize cov duab ntawm lub puck. Qhov kev tsim no zoo heev cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm tus neeg hais lus. Cov ntxhua khaub ncaws yog ua los ntawm nylon, coarse calico los yog tooj liab. Qhov kev xaiv kawg, ib yam li ntawm lub hau, ua raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob mini.
Lub suab coil thiab hlau nplaum
Yog li peb tau mus rau lub caij, uas, qhov tseeb, yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim suab. Lub tshuab hlau nplaum yog nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv me me ntawm qhov sib nqus hluav taws xob thiab, ua ke nrog lub kauj, hloov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Lub magnetic system nws tus kheej yog ib tug system ntawm ib tug hlau nplaum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nplhaib thiab ib tug core. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub suab reproduction, lub suab coil txav. Ib txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb rau cov neeg tsim qauv yog tsim kom muaj ib qho chaw sib nqus sib nqus hauv lub tshuab sib nqus. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov tuam txhab hais lus ua tib zoo kho cov ncej thiab nruab cov tub ntxhais nrog lub taub tooj liab. Tam sim no mus rau lub suab coil yog nkag los ntawm qhov hloov pauv tau ntawm tus neeg hais lus - ib qho chaw zoo tib yam lub qhov txhab ntawm cov xov hluavtaws.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Peb pom cov khoom siv hais lus, cia peb mus rau hauv txoj cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg hais lus yog raws li hauv qab no: qhov tam sim no mus rau lub kauj ua rau nws oscillate perpendicularly nyob rau hauv lub magnetic teb. Lub kaw lus no rub lub diffuser nrog rau nws, ua rau nws oscillate ntawm zaus ntawm cov ntawv thov tam sim no, thiab tsim cov nthwv dej tawm. Lub diffuser pib oscillate thiab tsim suab nthwv dej uas tuaj yeem pom los ntawm tib neeg pob ntseg. Lawv kis tau raws li hluav taws xob teeb liab mus rau lub amplifier. Nov yog lub suab los ntawm.
Frequency range ncaj qhanyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov hlau nplaum sib nqus thiab qhov loj ntawm tus hais lus. Nrog rau qhov sib nqus sib nqus loj dua, qhov sib txawv hauv qhov sib nqus sib nqus nce, thiab nrog rau nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov coil nce. Tias yog vim li cas cov neeg hais lus compact tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog tsawg zaus hauv thaj tsam ntawm 16-250 hertz. Lawv qhov tsawg kawg nkaus zaus pib ntawm 300 hertz thiab xaus ntawm 12,000 hertz. Tias yog vim li cas cov neeg hais lus crackle thaum koj crank nce ntim.
Rated hluav taws xob tiv thaiv
Cov xaim uas muab tam sim no rau lub kauj muaj lub zog ua haujlwm thiab rov ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog qib tom kawg, cov kws ua haujlwm ntsuas nws ntawm qhov zaus ntawm 1000 hertz thiab ntxiv cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub suab coil rau qhov txiaj ntsig. Cov neeg hais lus feem ntau muaj qib impedance ntawm 2, 4, 6, lossis 8 ohms. Qhov kev ntsuas no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum yuav lub amplifier. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom pom zoo rau theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
ntau zaus
Nws twb tau hais saum toj no tias feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsim tawm tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov zaus uas tib neeg tuaj yeem pom. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua ib tug universal hais lus muaj peev xwm ntawm reproduce tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm 16 hertz mus rau 20 kilohertz, yog li cov zaus tau muab faib ua peb pawg: qis, nruab nrab thiab siab. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg tsim qauv pib tsim cov neeg hais lus sib cais rau txhua zaus. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov woofers yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tuav cov ntses bass thaj tsam. Lawv ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 25 hertz - 5 kilohertz. High-frequency sawv daws yuav tsim los ua hauj lwm nrog squealing saum (li no lub npe - "tweeter"). Lawv ua haujlwm hauvNtau zaus 2 kilohertz - 20 kilohertz. Cov neeg hais lus nruab nrab ua haujlwm hauv thaj tsam ntawm 200 hertz - 7 kilohertz. Cov kws tshaj lij tseem tab tom sim tsim kom muaj tus neeg hais lus zoo tag nrho. Alas, tus nqi ntawm tus hais lus tawm tsam nws qhov zoo thiab tsis ua rau nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm.
me ntsis txog cov hais lus txawb
Tus hais lus rau lub xov tooj txawv ntawm "tus neeg laus" qauv tsim qauv. Nws yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb los tso cov txheej txheem nyuaj rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, yog li cov engineers tau mus rau qhov ua kom yuam kev thiab hloov ntau lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, cov coils tau hloov kho, thiab ib daim nyias nyias yog siv los ntawm diffuser. Cov neeg hais xov tooj tau dhau los ua kom yooj yim, yog li tsis txhob cia siab tias lub suab zoo los ntawm lawv.
Qhov ntau zaus uas cov khoom no tuaj yeem npog tau qis heev. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws lub suab, nws yog nyob ze rau high-frequency li, txij li thaum tsis muaj chaw ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj rooj plaub rau txhim kho tuab hlau nplaum cores.
Cov khoom siv hais lus hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes sib txawv tsis yog qhov loj me xwb, tab sis kuj tsis muaj kev ywj pheej. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej yog txwv los ntawm software. Qhov no yog ua los tiv thaiv tus tsim ntawm cov neeg hais lus. Ntau tus neeg tshem tawm qhov kev txwv no ntawm tus kheej, thiab nug lawv tus kheej: "Vim li cas cov neeg hais lus hawb pob?"
Hauv qhov nruab nrab smartphone, ob lub ntsiab lus tau teeb tsa. Ib tug yog hais, lwm tus yog suab paj nruag. Qee zaum lawv tau ua ke kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tso suab. Ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov tob thiab nplua nuj hauv suab nkaus xwb nrog lub tso suab puv puv nkaus xwb.
