Electronics yog ib qho kev kawm nyuaj tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau cog lus tias, txawm tias muaj coob tus inventions twb tsim lawm. Tab sis ua ntej koj ua, koj yuav tsum to taub tias hluav taws xob engineering yog dab tsi nrog cov hauv paus ntawm electronics. Peb yuav txiav txim siab lawv siv cov piv txwv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv.
Ua haujlwm hloov pauv tam sim no
Lub cav yuav raug coj los ua piv txwv. Hluav taws xob engineering thiab lub hauv paus ntawm electronics nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog raws li nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab: tsau thiab qhia. Thawj yog lub inductor, thiab qhov thib ob yog armature nrog lub nruas winding. Qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam kev mob. Yog li, lub inductor yuav tsum muaj ib tug cylindrical zoo thiab ua los ntawm ib tug ferromagnetic alloy. Peb kuj xav tau cov ncej nrog ib qho excitation winding, uas yog tsau rau ntawm tus ncej. Lub winding tsim lub ntsiab sib nqus flux. Phau ntawv hais txog kev siv hluav taws xob dav dav nrog cov hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav pab koj kawm txog kev suav cov nqi tsim nyog. Ntxiv nrog rau txoj kev no, cov hlau nplaum sib nqus tuaj yeem tsim tau los ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov uas txuas nrog rau tus ncej. Armature hais txog lub hauv paus, winding thiab collector. Thawj yog sib sau los ntawm cov ntawv txheeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hlau.
Analog devices
Peb txuas ntxiv kawm cov hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab xav txog cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm raws li txoj cai ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov khoom siv analog yog qhov hloov pauv tas li ntawm cov teeb liab tau txais raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev tau piav qhia. Kev ua lej, nws tuaj yeem qhia tau tias muaj nuj nqi txuas ntxiv, qhov twg muaj qhov txwv tsis pub muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv lub sijhawm. Hauv qhov no, peb tuaj yeem muab piv txwv hauv qab no: huab cua kub hloov pauv, thiab cov teeb liab analog hloov pauv raws li. Dab tsi yog qhia raws li qhov poob qis (txawm tias muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los qhia qhov no, piv txwv li, lub pendulum hloov nws txoj haujlwm). Analog li yooj yim, txhim khu kev qha thiab ceev. Qhov no ua kom lawv daim ntawv thov dav. Muaj tseeb, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias lawv tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm cov teeb liab tshwj xeeb ua qhov raug. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv analog tsis muaj suab nrov tiv thaiv. Lawv vam khom rau ntau yam sab nraud (lub cev laus, kub, sab nraud). Lawv kuj raug liam tias feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov teeb liab distortion thiab ua haujlwm qis.
Digital Devices
Lawv yog tsom rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov cim tsis sib xws. Raws li txoj cai, nws muaj qee qhov sib lawv liag ntawm pulses, uas tuaj yeem siv ob qhov txiaj ntsig - "tseeb" lossis "false". Txhua tus neeg uas paub txog lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kuj tseem paub tias lawv tuaj yeem siv los ntawm ntau lub hauv paus. Yog, ib tug neeg muajmuaj peev xwm xaiv ntawm transistors, optoelectronic ntsiab, electromagnetic relays, microcircuits. Ntawd yog, muaj ntau yam, thiab nws yog qhov dav heev. Raws li txoj cai, circuits yog sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev xav. Tig thiab cov txee yog siv rau kev sib txuas lus (tab sis tsis tas li). Ib yam zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv robotics, automation systems, ntsuas ntsuas, xov tooj cua thiab kev sib txuas lus. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv digital yog lawv cov kev tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam, yooj yim ntawm kev ua thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem xa cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov kev cuam tshuam me me uas lawv tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv digital tau suav tias yog qhov zoo dua li cov analogues.
Semiconductors
Lawv, vim lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab cov khoom, tau dhau los ua kev ywj pheej ntawm hluav taws xob. Lub hauv paus rau qhov no tau muab tso rau lub sijhawm ntev dhau los, thaum siv lead ua detectors pib siv. Lawv yog cov semiconductor rectifiers tsim los ua haujlwm siab zaus tam sim no. Thaum pib, cov khoom siv raws li tooj liab oxide lossis selenium tau siv. Muaj tseeb, raws li nws tau muab tawm, lawv tsis haum rau kev ua haujlwm ntau dua li cov khoom siv uas tau tsim los ntawm silicon.
O. V. Losev, tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Nizhny Novgorod lub xov tooj cua kuaj, uas rov qab rau xyoo 1922 tau tsim ib lub cuab yeej uas, vim yog lub cim ntawm ntuj oscillations, tau txais cov cim qhia tau zoo dua qub, tuaj yeem khav ntawm thawj qhov kev vam meej hauv cheeb tsam no.. Tab sis cov kev txhim kho no, alas, tsis tau txais kev txhim kho kom raug. Thiabtam sim no lub ntiaj teb no siv semiconductor triodes (lawv kuj yog transistors), uas Brattain, Shockley thiab Bardeen koom ua ke tsim, thiab niaj hnub electronics yog tam sim no tau tsim rau lawv. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog lawv, txawm tias nyuaj, yog qhov tsim nyog rau txhua tus neeg uas xav kawm thiab xyaum hauv thaj chaw no.
Microelectronics
Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev, nws yog quintessence ntawm electronics, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv cov khoom ncav cuag lawv tus nqi siab tshaj plaws. Ntawm no, qhov ceev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntws ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm qhov hnyav yog ntau yam ntawm qhov ntawd hauv lwm qhov ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Tab sis txoj haujlwm ntawm microelectronics yog kev ua cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv qhov no, tsuas yog siv ob tus lej xwb: ib qho laj thawj thiab xoom. Tab sis cov tswv yim ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no yog qhov nyuaj heev - tom qab tag nrho, nws yuav tsum muaj ntau yam kev mob uas nyuaj (yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem) muab hauv tsev. Ntawm lawv yog kev huv huv zoo tshaj plaws, kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis.
Kev ua lej yuam kev
Algebra ntawm logic yog siv rau cov txheej txheem. Nws tau tsim los ntawm George Bull. Yog li ntawd, qee zaum nws tseem hu ua Boolean algebra. Rau cov laj thawj, nws yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm American kws tshawb fawb Claude Shannon nyob rau hauv 1938, thaum nws kawm hluav taws xob circuits nrog kev sib cuag keyboards. Thaum Boolean algebra (tseem hu ua logic) yog siv, ces tag nrho cov nqe lus nug tsuas muaj ob qhov tseem ceeb: "tseeb" lossis "false". Ib leeg, lawv tsis nyuaj. Tab sis cov nqe lus yooj yim tuaj yeem tsim cov lus sib txuas lus los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo. Yog tias lawv tseem raug xaiv los ntawm ib yam dab tsi (piv txwv li, los ntawm cov ntawv), tom qab ntawd siv cov kev cai ntawm cov lej ntawm cov lej ntawm cov lej, koj tuaj yeem piav qhia txhua yam, txawm tias qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws digital circuits.
Tau kawg, kom paub txog cov hauv paus ntawm electronics, koj tsis tas yuav delve rau hauv lub nuances ntawm txoj kev xav. Kev nkag siab thaum ntxov ntawm cov lus qhia no txaus. Yog li, xav txog qhov piv txwv hauv qab no. Peb muaj LED, hloov thiab lub hwj chim mov. Thaum lub teeb lub teeb nyob rau, peb hais tias "muaj tseeb". LED tsis ua haujlwm - nws txhais tau tias "tsis tseeb". Nws yog los ntawm kev tsim kho ntau ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem uas cov khoos phis tawj muaj.
Zoo kawg
General hluav taws xob engineering nrog cov hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav pab koj nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam no. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev paub txog kev nyab xeeb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv yuav tsis yog superfluous. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua hauj lwm hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb uas npaj rau qhov kev ua ub no. Koj kuj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom tsis suav nrog kev raug mob hluav taws xob. Ua li no, koj tuaj yeem siv cov hnab looj tes roj hmab (thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov xov hlau liab qab) thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv. Nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev xyaum siv lub tshuab ua pa lossis cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws thaum soldering.
