Xwm muab tib neeg ntau yam zog: lub hnub, cua, dej ntws thiab lwm yam. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob dawb no yog qhov tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub zog ntau dhau, nws tau khaws cia rau hauv cov khoom siv cia thiab siv rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev lag luam ib ntus. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob khaws cia muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- nqi khaws cia zog;
- nrawm ntawm nws qhov tsub zuj zuj thiab rov qab los;
- specific gravity;
- lub sijhawm cia khoom;
- reliability;
- tsim khoom thiab tu nqi thiab lwm yam.
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los npaj cov tsav tsheb. Ib qho yooj yim tshaj plaws yog kev faib tawm raws li hom hluav taws xob siv hauv cov khoom siv cia, thiab raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov tsub zuj zuj thiab rov qab los. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob khaws cia tau muab faib ua hom hauv qab no:
- mechanical;
- thermal;
- electric;
- tshuaj.
Ncua zog muaj peev xwm
Lub ntsiab ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog ncaj nraim. Thaum lub load yog lifted, lub peev xwm muaj peev xwm yog accumulated; thaum txo qis, nws ua hauj lwm pab tau. Cov qauv tsim nyob ntawm seb hom khoom thauj. Nws tuaj yeem yog khoom, kua lossisxoob khoom. Raws li txoj cai, cov qauv tsim ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm hom no yog qhov yooj yim heev, yog li muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab kev pab lub neej ntev. Lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm lub zog khaws cia nyob ntawm qhov ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau txhiab xyoo. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov khoom siv no muaj lub zog tsawg.
Mechanical cia ntawm kinetic zog
Hauv cov khoom siv no, lub zog khaws cia hauv lub cev txav mus los. Feem ntau qhov no yog oscillatory lossis translational txav.
Kinetic zog hauv oscillatory systems yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub reciprocating motion ntawm lub cev. Lub zog yog muab thiab siv rau hauv feem, nyob rau lub sijhawm nrog kev txav ntawm lub cev. Lub mechanism yog heev complex thiab capricious nyob rau hauv kev teeb tsa. Dav siv nyob rau hauv mechanical watches. Tus nqi ntawm lub zog khaws cia feem ntau yog me me thiab tsuas yog tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej.
Gyroscope powered storage devices
Lub khw ntawm lub zog kinetic yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub rotating flywheel. Lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm flywheel tseem ceeb tshaj lub zog ntawm qhov zoo li qub. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais lossis tso tawm lub zog tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Lub zog cia lub sij hawm luv luv, thiab rau feem ntau tsim yog txwv rau ob peb teev. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ua rau nws tuaj yeem nqa lub zog cia lub sijhawm rau ob peb lub hlis. Flywheels yog rhiab heev rau kev poob siab. Lub zog ntawm lub cuab yeej yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm nws txoj kev sib hloov. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tsub zuj zuj thiab rov qab ntawm lub zog, kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ceev ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm flywheel tshwm sim. Thiab rau ib tug load zoo liRaws li txoj cai, qhov tsis tu ncua, tsis tshua muaj kev sib hloov ceev yog yuav tsum tau.
Cov khoom lag luam pheej hmoo ntau yog superflywheels. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm steel daim kab xev, hluavtaws fiber los yog hlau. Cov qauv tsim yuav yog tuab lossis muaj qhov khoob. Yog tias muaj qhov chaw dawb, cov coils ntawm daim kab xev txav mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev sib hloov, lub sijhawm ntawm inertia ntawm flywheel hloov, ib feem ntawm lub zog yog khaws cia rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav deformed. Hauv cov khoom siv zoo li no, kev sib hloov ceev yog qhov ruaj khov dua li hauv cov khoom siv, thiab lawv lub zog siv ntau dua. Lawv kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb dua.
Modern super flywheels yog tsim los ntawm Kevlar fiber ntau. Lawv tig nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev chamber ntawm ib tug magnetic suspension. Muaj peev xwm khaws tau lub zog rau ntau lub hlis.
Mechanical cia siv elastic rog
Cov cuab yeej no muaj peev xwm khaws cia lub zog tshwj xeeb. Ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab tsav, nws muaj lub zog siab tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv nrog qhov ntev ntawm ob peb centimeters. Cov flywheels loj uas muaj kev sib hloov ceev heev muaj cov ntsiab lus ntau dua lub zog, tab sis lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sab nraud thiab muaj lub sijhawm luv zog cia.
Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav zog txhua yam cia
Muaj peev xwm xa cov tshuab hluav taws xob siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua chav tsev cia khoom. Nws tsuas yog txwv los ntawm lub zog tensile ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Lub zog hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav compressed tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ntau xyoo lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov deformation tas li, qaug zog accumulates hauv cov hlau, thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav muaj peev xwmtxo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv hlau zoo tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau ntau pua xyoo yam tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo.
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov ntsiab lus elastic. Rubber bands, piv txwv li, yog kaum ob lub sij hawm zoo dua rau cov khoom siv hlau nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm khaws cia lub zog rau ib chav tsev loj. Tab sis kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm roj hmab vim tshuaj lom neeg laus tsuas yog ob peb xyoos xwb.
Mechanical cia li siv lub zog ntawm compressed gases
Nyob hauv hom khoom no, lub zog khaws cia los ntawm compressing cov pa. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog, cov roj yog pumped nyob rau hauv lub siab mus rau hauv lub tog raj kheej siv lub compressor. Raws li xav tau, compressed roj yog siv los tig lub tshuab hluav taws xob lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tsawg, nws raug nquahu kom siv lub tshuab piston es tsis txhob siv lub turbine. Gas nyob rau hauv lub nkoj nyob rau hauv siab ntawm pua pua ntawm cov cua muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb ceev ceev rau ntau xyoo, thiab nrog cov khoom siv zoo - rau ntau xyoo.
Kub lub zog cia
Feem ntau ntawm peb lub tebchaws nyob rau sab qaum teb, yog li ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog raug yuam kom siv rau cua sov. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tsis tu ncua daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cua sov hauv lub tsav thiab rho tawm ntawm qhov ntawd yog tias tsim nyog.
Feem ntau, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom siv thermal thiab lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev txuag. Cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo nyob hauvvim qee qhov ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv thiab tus nqi siab tsis haum rau daim ntawv thov dav.
Cia vim muaj cua sov
Nov yog ib txoj kev qub qub. Nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm thermal zog thaum ib yam khoom yog rhuab thiab hloov tshav kub thaum nws txias. Tus tsim ntawm xws li drives yog heev yooj yim. Nws tuaj yeem yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv los yog lub thawv kaw nrog cov kua ua kua. Thermal zog accumulators muaj ib tug ntev kev pab cuam lub neej, yuav luag unlimited tus naj npawb ntawm accumulators thiab tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Tab sis lub sij hawm cia tsis pub dhau ob peb hnub.
hluav taws xob cia
Lub zog hluav taws xob yog daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm nws hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Tias yog vim li cas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob khaws cia tau siv dav thiab feem ntau tsim. Hmoov tsis zoo, lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv pheej yig yog me me, thiab cov khoom siv nrog lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb yog kim heev thiab luv luv. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ionistors, roj teeb.
Capacitors
Qhov no yog hom kev cia lub zog loj tshaj plaws. Capacitors muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub ntawm -50 txog +150 degrees. Tus naj npawb ntawm lub zog tsub zuj zuj-rov qab mus yog kaum tawm billions ib ob. Los ntawm kev txuas ob peb lub capacitors nyob rau hauv parallel, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim tau txais qhov xav tau capacitance. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov capacitor sib txawv. Hloov cov capacitance ntawm xws li capacitors yuav ua tau mechanically lossis hluav taws xob los yog kub. Feem ntau, cov capacitor sib txawv tuaj yeem pom hauvoscillatory circuits.
Capacitors muab faib ua ob chav kawm - polar thiab tsis-polar. Lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm polar (electrolytic) yog luv dua tsis yog-polar, lawv nyob ntawm lwm yam kev mob, tab sis tib lub sij hawm lawv muaj peev xwm ntau dua.
Raws li lub zog cia capacitor tsis yog cov khoom siv tau zoo heev. Lawv muaj lub peev xwm tsawg thiab qhov tsis tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb ntawm lub zog khaws cia, thiab nws lub sijhawm cia yog suav hauv vib nas this, feeb, tsis tshua muaj teev. Capacitors tau pom daim ntawv thov feem ntau hauv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob engineering.
Kev suav ntawm lub capacitor, raws li txoj cai, tsis ua rau muaj kev nyuaj. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog ntawm ntau hom capacitors tau nthuav tawm hauv phau ntawv qhia kev.
Ionistors
Cov khoom siv no nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov roj teeb. Lawv qee zaum hu ua "supercapacitors". Raws li, lawv muaj ntau theem ntawm kev them nqi-tso tawm, lub peev xwm ntau dua li cov capacitors, tab sis me ntsis tsawg dua li cov roj teeb me me. Lub zog cia lub sij hawm yog mus txog ob peb lub lis piam. Ionistors rhiab heev rau qhov kub thiab txias.
roj teeb hluav taws xob
Cov roj teeb hluav taws xob siv yog tias koj xav tau khaws ntau lub zog. Cov khoom siv lead-acid yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau lub hom phiaj no. Lawv tau tsim muaj txog 150 xyoo dhau los. Thiab txij thaum ntawd los, tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab tseem ceeb tau qhia rau hauv lub roj teeb ntaus ntawv. Ntau cov qauv tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tau nce ntau,roj teeb kev ntseeg siab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov cuab yeej ntawm lub roj teeb tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv tsuas yog sib txawv hauv cov ntsiab lus me me rau lub hom phiaj sib txawv.
Electrochemical roj teeb muab faib ua traction thiab pib. Traction yog siv rau hauv kev thauj khoom hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis cuam tshuam, cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob. Cov roj teeb zoo li no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tso tawm ntev ntev thiab nws qhov tob tob. Cov roj teeb pib tuaj yeem xa cov tam sim no siab nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv, tab sis qhov tso tawm tob tsis tuaj yeem siv tau rau lawv.
Cov roj teeb hluav taws xob muaj qhov tsawg tsawg ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 250 txog 2000. Txawm tias tsis siv, lawv poob tom qab ob peb xyoos. Electrochemical roj teeb yog qhov kub thiab txias, xav tau lub sijhawm them ntev, thiab yuav tsum tau saib xyuas nruj.
Lub cuab yeej yuav tsum tau them rov qab ib ntus. Lub roj teeb ntsia ntawm lub tsheb yog them los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, qhov no tsis txaus, lub roj teeb txias tsis lees txais tus nqi zoo, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob los pib lub cav nce. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau them lub roj teeb hauv chav sov nrog lub charger tshwj xeeb. Ib qho tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv lead-acid yog lawv qhov hnyav.
roj teeb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg
Yog xav tau cov khoom siv mobile uas tsis muaj qhov hnyav, ces xaiv cov roj teeb hauv qab no: nickel-cadmium,lithium-ion, hlau-hybrid, polymer-ion. Lawv muaj peev xwm ntau dua, tab sis tus nqi ntau dua. Lawv tau siv hauv xov tooj ntawm tes, laptops, koob yees duab, camcorders thiab lwm yam khoom siv me me. Cov roj teeb sib txawv txawv ntawm lawv qhov tsis sib xws: tus lej ntawm lub voj voog, lub neej txee, muaj peev xwm, qhov loj me, thiab lwm yam.
Lub roj teeb lithium-ion muaj zog yog siv rau hauv tsheb fais fab thiab tsheb hybrid. Lawv yog lub teeb yuag, muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov roj teeb lithium-ion yog cov nplaim taws heev. Ignition tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm luv luv Circuit Court, mechanical deformation lossis kev puas tsuaj ntawm rooj plaub, kev ua txhaum ntawm kev them nqi lossis tso tawm hom ntawm lub roj teeb. Kev tua hluav taws yog qhov nyuaj heev vim muaj kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm lithium.
Roj teeb yog lub caj qaum ntawm ntau yam khoom siv. Piv txwv li, lub zog cia khoom siv rau lub xov tooj yog lub roj teeb sab nraud uas tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj dej tsis zoo. Nws tso cai rau koj them los yog lub zog koj lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob zoo mobile muaj peev xwm them cov khoom siv digital, txawm tias laptops. Hauv cov khoom siv zoo li no, raws li txoj cai, cov roj teeb muaj peev xwm lithium-ion tau teeb tsa. Lub zog cia rau hauv tsev kuj tsis ua tiav yam tsis muaj roj teeb. Tab sis cov no yog cov khoom siv ntau dua. Ntxiv nrog rau cov roj teeb, lawv suav nrog lub charger, tswj qhov system, thiab inverter. Cov khoom siv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ob qho tib si los ntawm lub network ruaj khov thiab los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Lub zog tso zis yog 5 kW ntawm qhov nruab nrab.
Drivechemical zog
Dab tsi ntawm "roj" thiab "tsis yog roj" hom tsav. Lawv xav tau cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb thiab feem ntau cov cuab yeej siv high-tech. Cov txheej txheem siv ua kom tau txais lub zog ntawm ntau hom. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermochemical tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cheebtsam rau qhov kub thiab txias tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum nws tsim nyog kom tau txais lub zog. Ua ntej ntawd, lawv khaws cia nyias, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Cheebtsam rau qhov kub tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv tib lub thawv.
Lub zog cia los ntawm kev khiav roj
Txoj kev no suav nrog ob theem kev ywj pheej tag nrho: qhov sib xyaw ntawm lub zog ("them") thiab nws siv ("tso tawm"). Cov tsoos roj, raws li txoj cai, muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb loj, muaj peev xwm khaws cia ntev, thiab siv tau yooj yim. Tiamsis lub neej tsis sawv ntsug. Kev nthuav qhia cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv ntawm roj. Txoj haujlwm yog daws los ntawm kev txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm thiab tsim cov roj hluav taws xob tshiab.
Kev nthuav qhia dav dav ntawm cov qauv tshiab yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txhim kho tsis txaus ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, hluav taws kub thiab tawg ua rau muaj kev phom sij hauv kev ua haujlwm, xav tau cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog, thiab tus nqi siab ntawm technology.
Tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg lub zog cia
Nyob hauv hom kev cia no, lub zog khaws cia los ntawm kev hloov qee yam tshuaj mus rau lwm tus. Piv txwv li, slaked txiv qaub, thaum rhuab, mus rau hauv lub xeev quicklime. Thaum tso tawm, lub zog khaws ciatso tawm raws li cua sov thiab roj. Qhov no yog raws nraim li cas thaum txiv qaub yog slaked nrog dej. Txhawm rau kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib, nws yog feem ntau txaus los muab cov khoom sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib hom tshuaj tiv thaiv thermochemical, tsuas yog nws pib ntawm qhov kub ntawm ntau pua thiab txhiab degrees. Yog li ntawd, cov cuab yeej siv yog qhov nyuaj thiab kim dua.
