Ionistor yog ob txheej electrochemical capacitors lossis supercapacitor. Lawv cov hlau electrodes yog coated nrog cov pa roj carbon ntau ntxeem tau, ib txwm ua los ntawm cov txiv maj phaub plhaub, tab sis feem ntau yog los ntawm carbon airgel, lwm yam nanocarbon los yog graphene nanotubes. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov electrodes yog ib tug ntxeem tau cais uas ua kom cov electrodes sib nrug, thaum lub qhov txhab ntawm ib tug kauv, tag nrho cov no yog impregnated nrog electrolyte. Qee cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm ionistor muaj cov khoom electrolyte. Lawv hloov cov roj teeb ib txwm siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis cuam tshuam txog cov tsheb thauj khoom, qhov chaw lawv siv lub supercharger los ua lub zog hluav taws xob.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Tus ionistor siv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ob txheej txheej tsim ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov thee thiab electrolyte. Cov pa roj carbon activated yog siv los ua cov khoom siv electrode, thiab electrolyte ua kua. Thaum cov ntaub ntawv no nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ib leeg, qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo ncej yog faib txheeb ze rau ib leeg los ntawmluv heev. Thaum siv hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob ob txheej txheej uas tsim nyob ze ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide hauv cov kua electrolytic yog siv los ua cov qauv tseem ceeb.
Tsim kom zoo dua:
- Muab lub peev xwm hauv lub cuab yeej me me, tsis tas yuav muaj cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb them nyiaj los tswj lub sijhawm tawm hauv cov khoom siv supercharged.
- Recharging lossis over-discharging tsis cuam tshuam rau lub roj teeb lub neej ib yam li cov roj teeb ib txwm.
- Technology yog qhov "huv" heev ntawm ecology.
- Tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev sib cuag tsis ruaj khov zoo li lub roj teeb ib txwm.
Design flaws:
- Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm raug txwv vim siv cov electrolyte hauv cov khoom siv uas siv lub supercapacitor.
- Electrolyte tuaj yeem xau yog tias lub capacitor tsis tau khaws cia zoo.
- Piv rau txhuas capacitors, cov capacitors no muaj kev tiv thaiv siab thiab yog li tsis tuaj yeem siv hauv AC circuits.
Siv cov txiaj ntsig tau piav qhia saum toj no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau siv dav hauv cov ntawv thov xws li:
- Reserving memory rau timers, programs, e-mobile power, etc.
- Video thiab khoom siv suab.
- Cov peev txheej thaub qab thaum hloov cov roj teeb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob portable.
- Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv hnub ci xws li moos thiab ntsuas.
- Starters rau me thiab mobile engines.
Redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Tus nqi accumulator nyob ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrode thiab electrolyte. Thaum lub sij hawm them tus txheej txheem, electrons txav los ntawm qhov tsis zoo electrode mus rau qhov zoo electrode nyob rau sab nraud. Thaum tso tawm, electrons thiab ions txav mus rau qhov sib txawv. Tsis muaj nqi hloov pauv hauv EDLC supercapacitor. Hauv hom supercapacitor no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox tshwm sim ntawm cov electrode, uas tsim cov nqi thiab nqa cov nqi los ntawm ob txheej txheej ntawm kev tsim kho, qhov twg siv ionistor.
Vim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox uas tshwm sim hauv hom no, muaj peev xwm ua rau qis zog dua li EDLC vim tias Faradaic systems qeeb dua li cov tshuab tsis-faradaic. Raws li txoj cai dav dav, pseudocapactors muab cov peev txheej tshwj xeeb thiab lub zog ceev dua li EDLCs vim qhov tseeb tias lawv yog cov kab ke faraday. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xaiv raug ntawm supercapacitor nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov thiab muaj.
cov khoom siv Graphene
Lub supercapacitor yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm them sai sai, nrawm dua li cov roj teeb ib txwm muaj, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem khaws lub zog ntau npaum li lub roj teeb vim tias nws muaj lub zog qis dua. Lawv cov kev ua tau zoo nce yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv graphene thiab carbon nanotubes. Lawv yuav pab tau yav tom ntej ionistors los hloov cov roj teeb electrochemical kiag li. Nanotechnology niaj hnub no yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yamkev tsim kho tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv e-mobile.
Graphene nce lub peev xwm ntawm supercapacitor. Cov khoom siv hloov pauv no muaj cov nplooj ntawv uas nws cov tuab tuaj yeem raug txwv los ntawm cov tuab ntawm carbon atom thiab nws cov qauv atomic yog ultra-dense. Cov yam ntxwv zoo li no tuaj yeem hloov silicon hauv hluav taws xob. Ib tug ntxeem tau cais yog muab tso rau ntawm ob electrodes. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hloov pauv hauv kev khaws cia thiab kev xaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov peev txheej supercapacitors:
- Electrochemical Ob Txheej Txheej Capacitors (EDLC), uas feem ntau siv cov pa roj carbon ntau cov electrodes thiab khaws lawv lub zog los ntawm cov ions sai sai ntawm cov electrode / electrolyte interface.
- Psuedo-capacitors yog raws li cov txheej txheem phagic ntawm tus nqi hloov ntawm lossis ze ntawm qhov chaw electrode. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, conductive polymers thiab hloov hlau oxides nyob rau hauv electrochemically active cov ntaub ntawv, xws li cov uas pom nyob rau hauv lub roj teeb ua hauj lwm hluav taws xob watches.
Cov khoom siv tau yooj yim polymer
Lub supercapacitor nce thiab khaws lub zog ntawm tus nqi siab los ntawm kev tsim electrochemical nqi ob txheej lossis los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, uas ua rau muaj zog ceev nrog lub sij hawm ntev cyclic stability, tus nqi qis thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. PDMS thiab PET yog cov feem ntau siv substrates hauv kev siv cov supercapacitors hloov tau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zaj duab xis, PDMS tuaj yeem tsim tau yooj yim thiabPob tshab nyias zaj duab xis ionistors hauv cov saib nrog siab cyclic stability tom qab 10,000 flex cycles.
Ib-walled carbon nanotubes tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv rau hauv PDMS zaj duab xis txhawm rau txhim kho kev siv tshuab, hluav taws xob thiab thermal stability. Ib yam li ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li graphene thiab CNTs kuj tau coated nrog PET zaj duab xis kom ua tiav ob qho tib si siab thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Ntxiv nrog rau PDMS thiab PET, lwm cov ntaub ntawv polymeric kuj tau txais kev txaus siab loj hlob tuaj thiab raug tsim los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv li, localized pulsed laser irradiation tau siv los hloov pauv lub hauv paus sai sai rau hauv cov hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob ntxeem tau cov qauv nrog cov duab kos.
Natural polymers xws li ntoo fiber ntau thiab ntawv nonwovens kuj siv tau los ua substrates, uas yog hloov tau thiab hnav. CNT muab tso rau ntawm daim ntawv los ua ib qho yooj yim CNT daim ntawv electrode. Vim yog qhov yooj yim ntawm daim ntawv substrate thiab qhov zoo faib ntawm CNTs, qhov tshwj xeeb capacitance thiab lub zog thiab lub zog ceev hloov los ntawm tsawg dua 5% tom qab khoov rau 100 cycles ntawm qhov khoov vojvoog ntawm 4.5 hli. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim muaj zog dua txhua yam thiab kev ruaj ntseg tshuaj zoo dua, cov ntaub ntawv kab mob nanocellulose kuj tau siv los ua cov supercapacitors hloov tau xws li walkman cassette player.
Supercapacitor kev ua tau zoo
Nws txhais tau hais tiasElectrochemical kev ua si thiab tshuaj kinetic zog, uas yog: electron thiab ion kinetics (kev thauj mus los) nyob rau hauv lub electrodes thiab efficiency ntawm tus nqi ntawm tus nqi hloov mus rau electrode / electrolyte. Cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb, hluav taws xob conductivity, qhov pore loj thiab qhov sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm siab thaum siv EDLC raws cov khoom siv carbon. Graphene, nrog nws cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, thaj chaw loj thiab cov qauv interlayer, yog qhov txaus nyiam siv hauv EDLC.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm pseudocapacitor, txawm hais tias lawv muab superior capacitance piv rau EDLCs, lawv tseem raug txwv nyob rau hauv ceev los ntawm lub hwj chim tsawg ntawm CMOS nti. Qhov no yog vim tsis zoo hluav taws xob conductivity, uas txwv ceev hluav taws xob txav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem redox uas tsav cov txheej txheem them nqi / tso tawm tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob puas. Lub siab hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm graphene thiab nws cov khoom siv zoo heev ua rau nws haum raws li cov khoom siv hauv pseudocapacitor.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm adsorption ntawm graphene tau pom tias nws tshwm sim feem ntau ntawm cov nplooj ntawv graphene nrog kev nkag mus rau cov pores loj (piv txwv li, cov qauv interlayer yog ntxeem tau, tso cai yooj yim nkag mus rau electrolyte ions). Yog li, tsis yog-porous graphene agglomeration yuav tsum tau zam kom ua tau zoo dua. Kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho ntxiv los ntawm kev hloov kho saum npoo los ntawm kev ua haujlwm pab pawg ntxiv, hybridization nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, thiab los ntawm kev tsim cov graphene / oxide compositeshlau.
Capacitor sib piv
Supercaps yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum them nyiaj ceev kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub zog siv sijhawm luv. Lub roj teeb hybrid txaus siab rau ob qho tib si kev xav tau thiab txo qis qhov voltage rau lub neej ntev. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog kev sib piv ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv capacitors.
| Hluav taws xob ob txheej capacitor, ionistor tsim | Aluminium electrolytic capacitor | Ni-cd roj teeb | roj teeb kaw lus | |
| Siv qhov ntsuas kub | -25 rau 70°C | -55 txog 125 °C | -20 txog 60 °C | -40 txog 60 °C |
| Electrodes | ua kom carbon | Aluminium | (+) NiOOH (-) Cd |
(+)PbO2 (-)Pb |
| Electrolytic kua | Organic kuab tshuaj | Organic kuab tshuaj | KOH |
H2SO4 |
| Electromotive force method | Siv ntuj hluav taws xob ob txheej nyhuv ua dielectric | Siv aluminium oxide ua dielectric | Siv tshuaj tiv thaiv | Siv tshuaj tiv thaiv |
| Nplooj siab phem | No | No | CD | Pb |
| Ntau tus nqi / tso tawm | > 100,000 times | > 100,000 times | 500 zaug | 200 txog 1000 zaug |
| Muaj peev xwm ib lub ntim ntim | 1 | 1/1000 | 100 | 100 |
Tus yam ntxwv
Lub sijhawm them nqi 1-10 vib nas this. Tus nqi pib tuaj yeem ua tiav sai heev thiab cov nqi them sab saum toj yuav siv sijhawm ntxiv. Kev txiav txim siab yuav tsum tau muab rau kev txwv qhov inrush tam sim no thaum them lub khoob supercapacitor, vim nws yuav kos ntau li ntau tau. Lub supercapacitor tsis yog rechargeable thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas tag nrho, tam sim no tsuas yog tsis ntws thaum puv. Kev sib piv kev ua tau zoo ntawm supercharger rau tsheb thiab Li-ion.
| Function | Ionistor | Li-Ion (general) |
| sijhawm them | 1-10 seconds | 10-60 feeb |
| Saib lub neej voj voog | 1 lab lossis 30,000 | 500 thiab nce |
| Voltage | Los ntawm 2, 3 mus rau 2, 75B | 3,6 B |
| Specific zog (W/kg) | 5 (tus qauv) | 120-240 |
| Lub zog tshwj xeeb (W / kg) | Txog 10000 | 1000-3000 |
| Cost per kWh | $10,000 | 250-1,000 $ |
| Lub neej | 10-15 xyoo | 5 txog 10 xyoo |
| Charge kub | -40 rau 65°C | 0 txog 45 °C |
| Kev ntsuas kub | -40 rau 65°C | -20 txog 60°C |
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv them nyiaj
Tsheb xav tau kev txhawb zog ntxiv kom nrawm, thiab qhov ntawd yog qhov chaw superchargers tuaj. Lawv muaj kev txwv rau tag nrho cov nqi, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm hloov tau sai heev, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho roj teeb. Lawv qhov zoo dua li cov roj teeb ib txwm muaj:
- Tsawg impedance (ESR) nce surge tam sim no thiab thauj khoom thaum txuas nrog lub roj teeb.
- Lub voj voog siab heev - tso tawm yuav siv milliseconds mus rau feeb.
- Voltage poob piv rau cov roj teeb uas tsis muaj supercapacitor.
- Kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm 97-98%, thiab DC-DC kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob qho tib si yog 80% -95% hauv cov ntawv thov feem ntau, xws livideo recorder nrog ionistors.
- Nyob hauv lub tsheb hluav taws xob hybrid, kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig yog 10% ntau dua li ntawm lub roj teeb.
- Ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj qhov kub ntawm qhov dav, feem ntau -40 ° C txog +70 ° C, tab sis tuaj yeem yog -50 ° C txog +85 ° C, tshwj xeeb versions muaj txog li 125 ° C.
- Me me ntawm cov cua sov tsim thaum lub sijhawm them thiab tawm.
- Lub neej mus ntev nrog kev ntseeg siab, txo tus nqi kho.
- Kev puas tsuaj me me dhau ntau pua txhiab lub voj voog thiab kav ntev txog 20 lab lub voj voog.
- Lawv poob tsis tshaj 20% ntawm lawv lub peev xwm tom qab 10 xyoo, thiab muaj lub neej ntev li 20 xyoo lossis ntau dua.
- Resistant hnav thiab kua muag.
- Tsis cuam tshuam qhov tso tawm tob li roj teeb.
- Kev nyab xeeb ntxiv piv rau cov roj teeb - tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev tshaj tawm lossis tawg.
- Tsis muaj cov khoom phom sij pov tseg thaum kawg ntawm lub neej tsis zoo li ntau lub roj teeb.
- Ua raws li cov qauv ib puag ncig, yog li tsis muaj kev pov tseg lossis rov ua dua tshiab.
Txoj Kev Siv Tshuab
Lub supercapacitor muaj ob txheej ntawm graphene nrog ib txheej electrolyte nyob nruab nrab. Cov yeeb yaj kiab muaj zog, nyias nyias thiab muaj peev xwm tso tawm ntau lub zog hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov teeb meem tsis daws teeb meem uas tau tuav rov qab cov txheej txheem kev nce qib hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Disadvantages ntawm Supercapacitor tshaj Rechargeable Batteries:
- Tsawg zog ceev - feem ntausiv los ntawm 1/5 mus rau 1/10 ntawm lub zog ntawm lub roj teeb electrochemical.
- Kab tawm - tsis ua haujlwm siv tag nrho lub zog spectrum, nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov, tsis muaj zog tag nrho.
- Raws li cov roj teeb, cov hlwb tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob, kev sib txuas sib txuas thiab qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau ua.
- Kev tso tawm tus kheej feem ntau siab dua roj teeb.
- Voltage sib txawv nrog lub zog khaws cia - txuag tau zoo thiab rov qab siv zog xav tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab hloov khoom siv.
- Nws muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws dielectric nqus ntawm txhua hom capacitors.
- Qhov kub siv feem ntau yog 70 C lossis tsawg dua thiab tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj 85 C.
- Feem ntau muaj cov kua electrolyte uas txo qhov loj me uas xav tau los tiv thaiv qhov paug tawm sai sai.
- Tus nqi hluav taws xob ib watt.
Hybrid Storage
Tshwj xeeb tsim thiab embedded thev naus laus zis ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau tsim los tsim cov qauv capacitor nrog cov qauv tshiab. Txij li thaum lawv cov modules yuav tsum tau tsim los siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, lawv tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub tsheb lub cev vaj huam sib luag xws li lub ru tsev, qhov rooj thiab lub taub hau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ntsuas hluav taws xob tau tsim los ua kom txo qis zog thiab qhov loj ntawm lub zog ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv lub zog cia thiab cov cuab yeej siv.
A series ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntsig txog kuj tau tsim, xws li kev them nyiaj tswj hwm thiabtso tawm, nrog rau kev sib txuas rau lwm lub zog cia. Ib qho supercapacitor module nrog lub peev xwm ntsuas ntawm 150F, qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm 50V tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tiaj tus thiab nkhaus nrog thaj tsam ntawm 0.5 square meters. m thiab 4 cm tuab. Daim ntaub ntawv siv tau rau lub tsheb hluav taws xob thiab tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tsheb thiab lwm qhov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau siv lub zog cia.
Daim ntawv thov thiab kev pom
Hauv Asmeskas, Russia thiab Tuam Tshoj muaj cov tsheb npav tsis muaj roj teeb traction, txhua txoj haujlwm yog ua los ntawm ionistors. General Electric tau tsim lub tsheb thauj khoom nrog lub supercapacitor los hloov lub roj teeb, zoo ib yam li tau tshwm sim hauv qee lub foob pob hluav taws, cov khoom ua si thiab cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau pom tias cov supercapacitors ua tau zoo dua cov roj ntsha lead-acid hauv cov cua turbines, uas tau ua tiav yam tsis muaj supercapacitor lub zog ntom ntom mus txog ntawm cov roj ntsha lead-acid.
Tam sim no paub meej tias supercapacitors yuav faus cov roj ntsha lead-acid nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, tab sis qhov ntawd tsuas yog ib feem ntawm zaj dab neeg, vim lawv tab tom txhim kho sai dua li kev sib tw. Cov neeg muab khoom xws li Elbit Systems, Graphene Energy, Nanotech Instruments thiab Skeleton Technologies tau hais tias lawv tshaj lub zog ntom ntom ntawm cov roj ntsha lead-acid nrog lawv cov supercapacitors thiab superbugs, qee qhov theoretically phim lub zog ceev ntawm lithium ions.
Txawm li cas los xij, ionistor hauv lub tsheb hluav taws xob yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob engineering uastsis quav ntsej los ntawm cov xovxwm, cov tub ua lag luam, cov neeg muag khoom muaj peev xwm, thiab ntau tus neeg uas nyob nrog cov cuab yeej siv qub, txawm tias qhov kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam ntau txhiab daus las. Piv txwv li, rau av, dej thiab cua tsheb, muaj txog 200 lub tuam txhab loj ntawm traction motors thiab 110 tus neeg muag khoom loj ntawm traction roj teeb piv rau ob peb lub tuam txhab ntawm supercapacitors. Feem ntau, tsis muaj ntau tshaj 66 lub tuam txhab loj ntawm ionistors hauv ntiaj teb, feem ntau ntawm cov uas tau tsom mus rau lawv cov khoom siv rau cov qauv siv hluav taws xob.
